History of civil rights movement Essay

Civil rights movement can be described as the non violent protests against something that the public feels does not auger well with them. Dierenfield, (2004, pp 23) differentiates civil liberties and civil rights by describing the former as entailing the right of every citizen to receive fair treatment from his government whereas the latter, he says involves citizens gunning for fair treatment from their fellow citizens and local authorities. Therefore, civil rights can also be described as social rights. However, the mammoth effects of the civil rights movement against slavery and the more conspicuous civil movements against racial segregation have taken credit for defining the term. This paper discusses the civil rights movement in the US by tracing its history, the key leaders involved and how their activities influenced the American government of the time. History of civil rights movement Civil rights movement are most famous in the US between 1955 and 1965 where there happened numerous historical accounts led by civil rights leaders protesting against racial segregation in the US more so in the south. The leaders were mainly black who were protesting against mistreatment by their white counterparts who by then treated them as second class citizens. Key activists Martin Luther King This is definitely one of the most renowned African American leaders in fighting for equal rights for African Americans living in the US who were mainly descendants of early slaves. He is most remembered for leading the Montgomery bus boycott among other protests. This Montgomery bus boycott is recorded to have officially started on 1st December 1955. The boycott involved the black American living in that area boycotting using the city buses unless they were allowed to sit anywhere they wanted to sit in the bus instead of the area specifically set out for the blacks. The boycotts were triggered by the arrest of one woman Rosa Park who had defied giving up her sit to a white person in the bus. Having the fronts seats reserved for whites sonly, Rosa Parks defied the order o give up her seat and was subsequently arrested for that. Rosa Parks This is one woman who the US congress came to nickname the â€Å"mother of modern-day civil rights movements† (Boyd, et al 2004, pp 125). As said above, her defiance into giving in to mistreatment in the public transport system triggered the massive boycotts which were to last more than a year until their pleas were heard. Her arrest was even against t the law which she claimed to have observed. A 1900 law on segregation in the buses by race allowed the setting up of specific areas for blacks and whites in the bus but did not give specifications as to force one to vacate his/her seat for another in case there were no more seats. However, custom and culture and mis-configured the law and interpreted it for the benefits of the whites. Park was charged in a court of law and was found guilty but some of her friends bailed her out (Boyd, 2004, pp 125). The same friends who bailed Park out formed an organization by the name Montgomery Improvement Association to spearhead the boycotts and among the leaders was Martin Luther King Jr. Black churches were used in communicating about the boycott which was to last exactly 381 days. The public transport buses stood idle as 75% of the commuters had decide to either walk or used blacks operated taxis (Dierenfield, 2004, pp 23). The bus companies were making losses and thus they had also to join the blacks in calling for the abolition of the law on segregation in order to save their businesses. Leaders of the movement such as Martin Luther King had their homes torched by segregationists and their families threatened. The United States Supreme Court, on13th November 1956 outlawed racial segregation on buses operating within the individual states and cities. The court order was received with a lot of celebration in Montgomery on December 20, 1956, and the bus boycott ended the very next day. King did not stop there. He went ahead and met with President John F Kennedy who was also for equal rights for blacks. Unfortunately, changing the constitution to outlaw segregation by race was not that simple. Other protests were planned to push for what they believed was naturally theirs by the virtue of being a human being and an American citizen. The bus boycott had planted a seed of freedom in blacks. Since the need of the boycott, many cases wee reported where blacks were being accused of disrespecting the segregation laws or the Jim Crow’s laws as they were famously known. Other protest marches were also organized by Martin Luther and other fellow activists. The major ones being the Birmingham March, The freedom rides, The Washington march among many others (Dierenfield, 2004, pp 23). Unfortunately, the man was later to be assassinated due to his civil rights activities. Many of these subsequent marches turned violent with the local authorities and civil segregationists turning violent towards the protesters. One of the most violent march was the Birmingham march which involved children aged from 6 to 18. The local authorities used fie extinguisher hoses to chase the children out of Kelly Ingram Park where they had gathered. Many were injured and over 950 of them arrested. Jails were packed to the brim as more protests and arrests followed. The police had no other wise but to watch in despair as the marches took over the lives of everyone. Business was down and the economy of Birmingham was at a standstill. Finally, the Birmingham community had to give in. They allowed integration in the city’s eating counters and even offer equal employment services to the blacks (Boyd, 2004, pp 125). Medgar Evers This man specifically sought to have equal education rights for the blacks in America. Being a former army man during the Second World War, he felt his denial of entry at University of Mississippi Law School was race based which was not in harmony with his acceptance in the army as a full American citizen. He therefore challenged racial discrimination in education centers. The man also organized massive boycotts against gas stations that could not allow blacks and whites share restrooms (Newman, 2004, pp 164 ) Working under the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Evers had more avenues for airing his views. He therefore also organized campaigns for the blacks to be registered as voters. His attempt to have his friend admitted to the University of Mississippi attracted the intervention of the federal government after he had been denied entry on racial basis. Many interventions were to follow and more and more blacks found their way in to university. The whole process was to change on how blacks felt about themselves and even motivated them to seek integration in other areas and receive fair treatment as equal citizens with their white counterparts. Unfortunately, the man was also to be assassinated 1962 due to his involvement in the civil rights movement. However, his legacy of no violent protests and equal education rights were to be observed and remembered up to now. The culmination of all these deaths, arrests, marches and protests was the passing of the civil rights act of 1964 which outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places and employment which was introduced by President John F. Kennedy. This act was followed by the civil rights act of 1968 which criminalized discrimination in housing which had prior enforcement in the constitution (Newman, 2004, pp 165)

Defining Race and Ethnicity Essay

Whether this definition is accurate or not, this is what the terms â€Å"race† and â€Å"ethnicity† mean to me: Race is a term that describes a group of people with similar descent. I believe race is determined physical specifications such as color, language, eye shape, or even things such as blood types. Human beings as a whole are described as the â€Å"human race;† I believe this to be an accurate definition as human beings (despite color, language, or any other physical characteristics) are all the same. Genetically speaking, we are all made up of the same â€Å"parts.† The term â€Å"race† is an all-encompassing statement used to define a large group, overall. Ethnicity defines the background of a particular person or thing. This term encompasses many backgrounds and associations. Foods can be â€Å"ethnic† if they originate or are commonly consumed in a specific country or region. The same applies to human beings. One’s ethnicity may be determined by his or her birthplace, religion, of beliefs. Ethnicity does not define physical characteristics, but rather backgrounds and traits. The United States is a melting pot. This country is made up of thousands and thousands of different people from different places. The USA is home to many ethnic backgrounds; however, the population (in my opinion) is a single â€Å"race.† We are all humans, as I have previously stated. Although our ethnic backgrounds may differ in many different ways, all in all, we are one race. This is important to bear in mind. Heritage should always be recognized, as it typically is in the United States. But acknowledging the vast backgrounds that exist in this country is the most important concept of all.

Principles of Critical Care Nursing - Leadership and teamwork when Essay - 1

Principles of Critical Care Nursing - Leadership and teamwork when planning care and making decisions - Essay Example Besides, the clinicians must ascertain the patient’s variables such as salt and diet intakes alongside the ability to adhere to the therapeutic regimen (Aronson, 2009). It is critical to maintaining optimal potassium levels of at least 4.0 mmol/L for this particular patient besides a routine potassium monitoring. There is also need for the joint administration of Magnesium to enhance the cellular uptake of potassium (Urden, Stacy & Lough, 2014)). The Intravenous piggyback infusions of electrolyte require that the administration be executed based on free-flow protected devices such as an infusion pump. Patients must meet certain conditions before the initiation of the Potassium (SCr 40Kg). The electrolyte replacement protocols such as potassium Phosphate or Chloride may be ordered individually or jointly (Kee, Paulanka & Polek, 2010). Initiating intravenous Potassium therapy is hazardous and should meet certain strict requirements. The intravenous treatment of hypokalemia has to be instigated only when the enteral route cannot be availed or confirmed not to achieve the standard elevation of serum Potassium based a clinically set timeframe (Kee, Paulanka & Polek, 2010). The guidelines for initiation of replacing Potassium must be determined by the urgency of Potassium replacement and should only be performed in case of cardiac arrhythmia, low serum Potassium (

The Federal Navigation Plan (FRP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Federal Navigation Plan (FRP) - Essay Example The purpose of FRP is formulating an integrated policy and plan for all commercial, civil and defense navigation systems, while specifying the requirements of common use applications, involving different navigations systems. In addition, FRP is used for providing planning schedules and information pertaining to the US Government (USG) radio-navigation system. While providing a platform for user-input, FRP is meant to clarify unresolved common issues related to radio-navigation system.All navigation systems, as provided federally, to be used in positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) applications would come under the scope of FRP. However, communication and time systems are not covered under the scope of FRP. These include cell phones, radar and WWV, among others. Accordingly, following systems are addressed in FRP:†¢ Global Positioning SystemGPS would be operated by Department of Defense (DOD) and the same would be managed by interagency GPS Executive Board. There will be no us er charges for availability of Standard Positioning Service (SPS) to users, worldwide, on continuous basis. Precise Positioning Service is the most accurate application, directly available from GPS, which is meant for US military and federal government users. (Charron, Status Report)†¢ Augmentation to GPSThe purpose of providing augmentations to GPS is to ensure accuracy, integrity, availability and reliability to positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) for meeting its specific requirements.  

Profile of a Theorist (Edward T. Hall) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Profile of a Theorist (Edward T. Hall) - Essay Example olars, among them the famous Marshall McLuhan who came out with the mantra, â€Å" the medium is the message†, and with whom Hall had a long and fruitful correspondence. Hall is universally acknowledged to be the founding father of studies on intercultural communication, because it all started with his early work in the 1950s for the United States State Department in order to coach foreign service personnel survival skills in intercultural communication. He realized that a majority of the communication gaps between people from different cultures could be because of different perceptions they had about the same thing, based on their cultural background. Intercultural communication is usually defined as any direct communicative interaction between individuals or groups of individuals belonging to different cultures. In other words, the term denotes interpersonal communication between "strangers" on the micro-level of face-to-face interaction. In a wider sense, however, the term is also but less frequently used to refer to direct or indirect interactions or contacts between ethnic groups, nations or cultures, thus denoting culture contact and cultural exchange on the meso- or macro-level. ( Roth, Klaus, 1999, p.206 ) The formal beginnings of intercultural communication are usually traced to the 1959 publication of â€Å"The Silent Language† by Hall. In this book, he defined culture as a concept, and described its role in setting expectations during the process of communication. He contradicted the prevalent natural assumption that communication styles and core values can be universal for all cultures. Instead, he proposed that a majority of human communication is actually non-verbal, mostly subconscious, and is determined to a large extent by cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In this book, he came up with the theory that not only does peoples cultural background act as a medium of communication, it also forms a subconscious part of the communication method.His

Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Questions - Essay Example The resultant turnovers are as a result of lack of low income growth that is contemporaneous and is not found in government change propensity that is also contemporaneously increasing. (Russett, Starr and Kinsella) Economic growth results to a middle class that is educated and entrepreneurial which soon or later strives for control over the country’s fate. This ends in the acceptance and giving in by the repressive government in place. The progression in most of the countries that are democratic is not pegged to economic growth after their democratization. Among democracies that are already existing and established, a high growth rate is as a result of stability as a result of liberal democracy. Greater prosperity alone doesn’t result to political freedom of a greater degree. However, the benefits of economic development are reaped through invasion of pressure to political control relaxation. The connection between liberal democracy that is emerging and economic growth lies in sophistication growth of authoritarian governments. Democracy has a minimal impact on economical success to countries that practice it. All the successes in economy are propagated under the political regime that is undemocratic. Many of them developed as a result of state capitalism and centralization which is different from economic liberalization. This is as a result of policy which directly achieves rapid growth in third world countries. This is done through the creation of protective tariffs around the country’s nascent ship-building and automotive industries. Economies succeed through economic liberation adoption, this process usually occurs under political system that is authoritarian. This type of system always associates to military coup in democratic overthrow of elected government. Democratic states that are developing are usually undermined by economic liberation. This is because of the

Role of Set Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Set Design - Essay Example that the design has the ability to suggest the style and tone of the entire production, create the mood and atmosphere of the action, give an idea of the specific time and place that the action occurs and offer creative possibilities for the movement and grouping of the actors. This paper will therefore discuss the role of set design in the Le Jour se Leve film production basing on the remarks made by Bazin. In this film, Bazin identifies different components of set design that were used in Le Jour se Leve. Bazin identifies that film is impeccable in that its representation of symbolism does not take precedence over its realism, instead the one complements the other. Carnà © uses set design appropriately to analyze various specific items and materials that comprise the architecture and furniture that were used. Bazin also brings out a considerate analysis of the relationship between imagery and pragmatism. However, the constructed sets that Bazin prefers rather than the definite locations controverts his remarks concerning complementary balance. Consequently, Bazin points out that since it is often used in close ups, role of glass was apparent. He argues that the glass had three main qualities. The principles are its transparency which develops faith in the audience, its deceptiveness that separates the audience from the actor and its drama that is brought up by the ignorance of the transparent glass by the audience. This is so since ignoring the glass would lead to its breakage and disaster. The balance created between transparency and deceit denotes not only the connection between the different characters in the play but also between the structure of the plot of the film and the audience. For example, Valentin controls Francois at various instances, she even tells him that he is the father of the child after all the other men had been involved with her. Bazin identifies that the film uses flashbacks and manipulates the viewers. This film thus generates a proper

Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example It is antithetical to innovation, too political, wasteful, inefficient, and bureaucratic. Dees thinks that counting on independent social entrepreneurs provides society with more opportunities at a lower risk. Social entrepreneurs tend to be more inventive when compared to government in finding solutions to problems since they respond to failures by the government by creation of parallel tracks while inventing new models, which improve public, institutional performance. By that, he means that social entrepreneurs play a crucial role in supplementing or complementing government functions. Dees also feels that the use of charity as a means of dealing with poverty cannot be relied on since it avoids dealing with the real problem. Consequently, he believes that social entrepreneurs build sustainable refinement rather than offer temporary relief by use of charity. In Taking Social Entrepreneurship Seriously, J. Gregory Dees (2007, p. 25) writes, â€Å"While this focus on government as a social problem solver has led to some notable successes, such as increased access to education and health care for many, the experience also revealed the limits of government as the vehicle for social problem solving†. ... Social entrepreneurs do not place a limit on their activities because of the available resources. Rather, they first focus on the opportunity, then think about its implementation later. This is in contrast to the government administrative mindset, which is dependent on budget constraints that derail the planning processes and offer priority to projects, which are ready to go. Entrepreneurs mainly focus on developing their entrepreneurial idea, then start thinking of how to acquire the money to finance the venture. An entrepreneur willing to drill a borehole in Africa devotes time to identifying the area most in need, gets the residents involved, sets the wheels in motion, then finally looks for resources. On the other hand, government will have to fit in the project in its already stretched budget, which may see it given decreased priority. Social entrepreneurship came about, in part, because of the disappointment faced by entrepreneurs with projects run by the government. Recently, an Indian bank, Ecobank started offering savings for very low-income citizens after its partnership with government to offer credit, slowed down because of the government’s bureaucratic and rigid laws and regulations. Ecobank felt that private for-profit ventures have the ability to stimulate increased innovation and economic growth. Another issue that interests me and I would like to discuss from this article is that Dees (2007, p. 27) writes, â€Å"They aim to create sustainable improvements and are willing to draw on self-interest, as well as compassion to do it†. That is to say, social entrepreneurs, through motivation by self-interest, give their charity in order to establish

Differences between primary and secondary research Paper

Differences between primary and secondary - Research Paper Example â€Å"These original documents (i.e., they are not about another document or account) are often diaries, letters, memoirs, journals, speeches, manuscripts, interviews and other such unpublished works† (University of California Santa Cruz, 2011). The primary source is original and encapsulates a lot of creativity. The information is factual rather than interpretive. Primary references report the scientific discoveries in detail. In scientific studies, they not only narrate the conclusions, but also sufficiently discuss the clinical trials as well as the experiments that make part of the research. The discussion is completely factual. Secondary research upon humanities encapsulates analysis and interpretation of the primary sources. The event discussed happens in the past and only a second-hand account of the same is generated. Creative works are interpreted in the secondary research. In the secondary research, research outcomes and scientific discoveries are analyzed and interp reted. Primary sources consume more time in retrieving than the secondary sources. This is because of the fact that to retrieve information from the primary sources, the researcher needs to approach the respondent. The first and the foremost obstacle in way of retrieving information from a primary source is that the researcher needs to take an appointment from the respondent. ... It is for the researcher to decide whether the interview has to be structured, semi-structured or non-structured. Once everything is ready, the researcher still might encounter inconvenience collecting the data as the respondent might not feel comfortable discussing certain issues that are of prime interest to the researcher. Therefore, most researchers refer to the primary data only when there is insufficient information in the secondary sources (Duval, 2005). Nevertheless, because of the researcher’s use of â€Å"telephone surveys, computerized data analysis, and use of cell phones and pagers† (Benfield and Szlemko, 2006, p. 2), primary data is not as difficult to collect in the present age as it used to be in the past. On the other hand, secondary sources are very easy to retrieve the information from. All the researcher needs is access to the required material. â€Å"Marketing researchers use secondary information because it can be obtained at a fraction of the cos t, time, and inconvenience of primary data collection† (McDaniel and Gates, 1998, p. 75). Examples of the primary sources about humanities are letters, diaries and journals. Data is retrieved from magazines and newspapers. Photographs, government records, one-to-one interviews with the concerned parties and paintings are all included in the primary resources. Sources conventionally used for the scientific research include but are not limited to the published results of experiments, conferences and clinical trials. Examples of the secondary sources include histories, biographies, books, newspaper articles and scientific journals (Thomas, 2010). Nielsen

Choosing and Describing Applications and Hardware Essay Example for Free

Choosing and Describing Applications and Hardware Essay Hardware is any piece of computer equipment which can be physically touched. All hardware can then be split into four major categories: o Input o Output o Processor o Storage Some examples of hardware are: o Mouse Input device o Keyboard Input device o Monitor Output device o Tower Processing/Storage device o Printer Output device o Scanner Input Device Software is a coded program which can only be used while the computer is running. It is a non-physical thing which cannot be physically touched. Without the software, a computer would be useless. Some examples of software are: o Microsoft Word o Microsoft Excel o Pain Shop Pro o Microsoft Access o PhotoFiltre HARDWARE: 2. Input Devices The types of input devices available to me were: Input devices Advantages Disadvantages Keyboard Allows the entry of number, letters and punctuation by the user pressing keys corresponding to each symbol. o A wide range of different symbols can be produced o It is quick and easy to do it you can touch-type o It is simple to learn how to use one o Speciallist keyboards can allow more detailed and comfortable typing o Most computers have one attached as default o Inputting data can be a very tedious process, especially if the user is not a touch-typer o Errors can easily be made by accident by the users hand/fingers slipping o It cannot be used to easily access menus and change settings of the software Mouse A standard pointing device which allows the cursor to move by moving the physical object. A ball is placed in the base of the mouse, and its movements are proportionate to the movement of the cursor. It also has two buttons on it to press on-screen buttons. o It comes as standard with most desktop computers (not laptops) so no additional cost is incurred o It is very simple for the user to learn how to use one, which means the majority of users can use them o They are normally attached by a wire to the computer, so the mouse needs to be near the computer o A flat space is needed to use it properly o It is not compatible to use with all types of hardware e.g. notebook or palmtop computers Digital Camera This is a device which allows the user to take photographs of scenes. It works by a array of light sensors, and when a picture is taken the colours are converted to digital signals by these sensors. These picture can then be transferred to a computer when necessary, and they can also be printed. They come is a variety of resolutions. o Pictures can be taken, and then deleted immediately if they are not liked/needed o No film is needed, and it contains RAM which is good because it allows pictures to be taken off the camera, and more pictures can be put on again in the RAM o Editing the images is very easy and quick o Images are easily transported from one piece of software to another o They are becoming more and more easy to buy in shops (commercial) o The cameras are more expensive than normal ones, and the price is normally proportionate to the resolution, which means good quality cameras are extremely expensive o Memory is expensive, so images often have to be compressed to allow a suitable number of pictures to be stored, the pictures are normally very large (e.g. 3KB) Or only a few pictures can be taken if they are not compressed Scanner A scanner copies text or pictures which are placed inside the lid. It works by shining a beam of light onto the paper you are copying and the light is then changed into a digital image. This device comes in lots of different resolutions and the pictures can the be stored onto the computer and special software can modify the picture to make different effects. There are two types of scanner: flatbed scanner and handheld scanner. o They can be very accurate because they normally have a very high resolution, far higher than digital cameras o Any of the images produced can be put onto the computer and enhanced to make different formats of picture and to produce different effects of the picture o It is one of the only ways to get a detailed picture of a piece of paper onto a computer o Images are normally very large and tend to take up a lot of space, which either means they have to be compressed to allow more pictures to be stored or only a few images can be stored o The quality of the final image is normally dependent on the quality of the original piece of paper, which has some limitations o Some scanners can be large and take up a lot of space o A flat area is needed for a flatbed scanner which may not always be available It is important that data is entered correctly because accuracy is extremely important. If telephone numbers are entered incorrectly, this would mean that customers would be unable to contact the organisation if needed. This could be detrimental to the number of enquiries it would receive. This could be harmful to the amount of profit gained by the organisation, which could have been easily prevented if this human error was picked up earlier. It also makes the organisation become sloppy and unprofessional if problems like this are not spotted, and if work is not proof read before it goes to print. I could check that the data has been correctly entered by proof reading everything several times, and getting an unconnected person to read it through to spot any errors. This would prevent any misunderstandings and confusion. I could also use the Spelling and Grammar Checker which is on most of the Microsoft programmes, which could pick up lots of mistakes. But this does not pick up missed letters or missed words which would cause even more confusion. This can again be resolved by proof reading. The choice of data entry method can affect speed and accuracy because typing is normally a very slow and tedious process which takes up a lot of time. This method of entry means that it is also easy to make a typing error, which not always be picked up upon, which is inaccurate. If a microphone was used, alongside a voice recognition programme, it would be a much quicker and efficient method of entering data. But this software is expensive to purchase but once up and running, it is easy to use for most people. 3. Output Devices The types of output devices available to me were: Output devices Advantages Disadvantages Monitor This is the most common piece of equipment for displaying information, and the picture is made of pixels, and the resolution is dependent on how dense the pixels are. Typically they are of 17inch size, but some are larger, and more expensive! o They normally come default with a standard computer o They are very reliable o It allows to user to know what they are doing o It can display text and graphics all at the same time, in complicated layers o Flat screens do not take up excessive amounts of space o New screens are normally light and they do not reflect a lot of sunlight because of the specially designed screens o It is not a permanent copy, if items are not saved they will be lost when the computer is switched off o The screens are normally made of glass so they can be fragile and reflect a lot of light which can make the screen hard to read o They are not suitable for users with visual problems o The screen is only a certain size, which limits the amount of information that is able to be shown at one time Laser Printer Their function is to put ink onto paper, so that a hardcopy of the document can be produced. It works by fusing powdered ink onto paper. o They can produce a very large quantity of prints in a very short amount of time e.g. 10 20 ppm sot hey are very efficient o The quality of the printouts are very good, with a high resolution e.g. 600 1200 dpi o The device is almost silent when running and when printing, which is good because it means it doesnt disrupt work o Even though the toner cartridges are expensive, they last a very long time which means the running costs are relatively low o The printers nearly always have a high start-up cost, especially the colour ones o The hardware used is very complex and they are hard to repair if they break, which can be costly o They are very bulky and take up a lot of space which means not everyone would be able to have them o Only certain sizes of paper can be used in them, which can cause problems Inkjet Printer Its function is to put ink onto paper, so that a hardcopy of the document can be produced. It works by letting ink flow out of a nozzle onto the paper. o They are cheap to buy and run, which means they are suitable for most householders and small offices o They have a relatively good resolution, which means their prints are of a good quality e.g. 300 dpi o They are quiet so they dont cause a nuisance to workers o They are not as bulky or heavy as Laser Printers which makes them easier to store and use o They are slower compared to Laser Printers, which means they are not necessarily suitable for bigger offices, colour prints can take up to 30 seconds per page o The general cost of the cartridges is more than those of the Laser Printers o Cartridges also need to be replaced much more frequently than Laser Printers o The ink takes a few minutes to dry and it can easily be smudged if the wet ink is touched o Cartridges can easily dry out if left for a long period of time The similarities and differences between these are 4. Hardware used (for input and output) The hardware I used to make my system included In the computers that I used, they all had a 40GB Hard Drive which means that the computer can store 40GB worth of programs and games for it to function properly. The Hard Drive stores all the computers information and protects it all when the computer has been turned off. The computers also had Pentium 4 Processors in them, which are microprocessors, which allows a much higher bandwidth than on computers with the old Pentium 3 Processors. It also has 256MB RAM, which allows the computer to do all the necessary tasks needed, when the computer is turned on. All these components are more than are actually needed, but they just allow the user have an easier time while carrying out tasks on the computer. 5. Reasons for choosing this hardware. I decided to choose this hardware because it was the only option available to me in school. But the 6. Alternative hardware. I could have chosen different hardware to use: Hardware Advantages Disadvantages Suitability for my problem Track Ball This is similar to a normal mouse but instead of moving the object to make the pointer on the screen move, your fingertips move the ball which is on top of the object. It also has two buttons on it so buttons on screen can be clicked. It is normally used with CAD. It is an input device. * It uses up very little space when being used, because the actual object just stays in one place and does not move around like a mouse does * They are useful for computers that have limited spaces as the ball can be built into the keyboard * The user has to learn how to use it which can be difficult if they are used to a normal mouse * They do not come standard with a computer and have to be bought separately at an extra cost It would be very suitable to use when doing my project because once the user is used to using it, the process would be much quicker. It would also be useful because it is small and can carried around to be plugged into various computers at different locations. Graphic Tablet This is a flat pad which is placed on the worktop and a special pen is used to write on it. This allows much more accurate/detailed pictures to be produced on the computer compared to a mouse. Designers normally use this hardware and it is a input device. * It is an easy way to input hand-drawn pictures into the computer without using a scanner * It is easy to use, just like writing on paper * Letter/word recognition software can be installed to make a easier method of inputting text * They can be expensive to buy * It is harder to click on menu buttons than with a regular mouse * The pictures they produce will normally be a .jpg file which can be hard to edit once on the computer This wouldnt be very suitable because there is no need for detailed pictures top be put on the computer that cant be created via another method. It would also be too expensive for me to buy personally so it would have to be provided by a second party. Speakers These are a type of hardware which is used to listen to sounds and music. They either come within the computer (internal) or they can be placed next to the computer and attached with wires (external). * Everyone can hear the sounds, so it is especially good for making and presenting presentations. * If special software is used, text can be converted into sound which is especially helpful for sight-impaired users. * Headphones can normally be attached * External customers can end up being very expensive * Space is needed next to the computer for external speakers to sit * The speakers could disturb other people working This piece of hardware would be helpful to use because it would have allowed me to add sounds to my presentation which I could hear in the making of it. SOFTWARE: 7. Software used The software I used to create my system was: Software Advantages Disadvantages Microsoft PowerPoint This is normally used to make basic presentations, and animations and sounds can be added to make the presentation more effective. This was used to make my main presentation. * The program comes with the standard package of Microsoft Office, so no extra charge is incurred to purchase it * Most people are familiar with the program * The controls on the program are relatively easy to use, so many people can use them * The program does not have very good graphic settings, so normally another program had to be used to manipulate pictures etc * Illiterate users may find it hard to use * It is easy to make mistakes when producing presentations PhotoFiltre This is a complex graphics package, which is used to make and manipulate pictures, and is often used to create logos etc. I used this program to produce my logo for the Health Centre. * The controls on the program are very easy to use * Pictures can be manipulated easily, as to improve the effect of the graphic * This is not a default program of the Microsoft package, so an extra charge is incurred for the user to purchase it * Many users are not familiar with the program, so they may have to learn to use it or they may turn to an easier program 8. Alternative solutions. Software Advantages Disadvantages Suitability for my problem PaintShopPro This is another graphics program and could be used instead of PhotoFiltre. It could be used to create my logo. * This program is more well known than PhotoFiltre, so more people would be able to use it * There is more advanced versions available which allow more complex manipulation to take place * This is more expensive than PhotoFiltre, and can often cost hundreds of pounds * It is hard to use unless you have been trained in using it This would be very suitable for my problem as it does the same job, just in a more efficient and quick way- because the controls are a lot more complex. But this program was not available in school.

Microorganisms: Normal Flora

Microorganisms: Normal Flora The concept of infection in the host- parasite relationship is expressed in the bodys normal flora. Normal flora is a population of micro-organisms that infect the body without causing disease. Some organisms establish a permanent relationship, as E.coli is always found in large intestines of humans; others like streptococci are transient. Symbiotic associations between body and its normal flora exist at different levels. These may be in the form of mutualism or commensalisms. Lactobacillus in human vagina is examples of mutualism. They derive nutrition from vaginal environment and the acid produced by them prevents the overgrowth of other microbes. E. coli exists as a commenssal, though may also sometimes exist in mutualistic association. Normal flora exists on skin oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, latter part of small intestine and the large intestine. In intestines there are Bacteroides, Clostridium (spores), Streptococci, Gram positive rods including Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas, E. coli ,Candida albicans. Normal flora undergoes changes in response to internal environment of the body. Typically, when one says I have an infection they mean to say I have a disease, however the latter is not quite so socially acceptable. In fact, we are all infected with a variety of microorganisms throughout our entire lives. Incredibly, our bodies are actually composed of more bacterial cells than human cells; while the human body is made up of about 1013 human cells, we harbor near 1014 bacteria. This group of organisms, traditionally referred to as normal flora (although they are not plants) is composed of a fairly stable set of genera, mostly anaerobes. While each person has a relatively unique set of normal flora, members of the Streptococcus and Bacteroides make up a large percentage of the inhabitants. These organisms contribute to our existence in several ways. These normal flora may: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Help us by competing with pathogens such as Salmonella à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Help us by providing vitamins or eliminating toxins (e.g. Bacteroides) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Harm us by promoting disease (e.g. dental caries) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Cause neither help nor harm (e.g. commensals). One of the most important functions of our normal flora is to protect us from highly pathogenic organisms. For example, in a normal (bacterially inhabited animal), about 106 Salmonella must be ingested in order to cause disease. However, when an animal has been maintained in a sterile environment all of its life (a gnotobiotic animal), the same level of disease can be produced by as few as 10 Salmonella. This dramatic difference is simply due to competition (wikiAnswers.com). To a microorganism, the human body seems very much like the planet Earth seems to us. Just like our planet, our bodies contain numerous different environments, ranging from dry deserts (e.g. the forearm) to tropical forests (e.g. the perineum) to extremely hostile regions (e.g. the intestinal tract). Each environment possesses certain advantages and disadvantages and different microorganisms have adapted to certain regions of the body for their particular needs. In developed countries, computers are used in the bedside area for multiple functions, including ordering, checking laboratory and image results, recording patients conditions, and accounting. Moreover, most computer devices, such as keyboards and mice, in many countries are not water-proof and not specially designed for hospital disinfection needs. Therefore, there is a good possibility that computer interface surfaces may serve as reservoirs for nosocomial pathogens. Besides, the rate of hand washing compliance in healthcare institutions is low (~40%), which is presumably related to the contamination of inanimate surfaces of medical equipments and hospital environment with nosocomial pathogens (Boyce JM,Pittet 2002). Studies have shown that the hands or gloves of healthcare workers (HCWs) can be contaminated after touching inanimate objects in patient rooms or after touching environmental surfaces near patients (Bhalla A et al., 2004 ;Hartstein AI et al.,1988).One study reported that microbial contamination of computer interface surfaces was so prevalent that various microorganisms were isolated from more than 50% of the keyboards of hospital computers (R utala WA et al., 2006). The levels of contamination varied with the proximity to the patients, the texture of inanimate surfaces and the frequency of contact. The hospital ward computer is found being less likely to be contaminated than bedside computers (Neely AN et al.,2005). Schultz et al. have reported that 95% of keyboards in close proximity to patient sites had bacterial contamination. However, only 5% of these were pathogens known to be associated with nosocomial transmission (Schultz M et al.,2003). Most previous studies have reported the contamination of computer interface surfaces by potential pathogens such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Boyce JM et al.,1997;Bures S et al.,2000) and Acinetobacter baumannii (Neely AN et al.,1999), but few have studied the relationship between contamination of the ward computers and clinical isolates in hospitals with improved hand hygiene compliance and during a non-outbreak period. Clinically, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and MRSA cause th e most common nosocomial infections and their presence correlates with environmental surface contamination (Engelhart S et al.,2002;Sekiguchi J et al.,2007).We conducted a hospital-based surveillance study of these three important pathogens on computer interface surfaces in different ward settings and then examined the relationship of contaminated computer interface surfaces with the presence of clinical isolates in these wards during a non outbreak period. Skin provides good examples of various microenvironments. Skin regions have been compared to geographic regions of Earth: the desert of the forearm, the cool woods of the scalp, and the tropical forest of the armpit. The composition of the dermal micro flora varies from site to site according to the character of the microenvironment. A different bacterial flora characterizes each of three regions of skin: (1) axilla, perineum, and toe webs; (2) hand, face and trunk; and (3) upper arms and legs. Skin sites with partial occlusion (axilla, perineum, and toe webs) harbor more microorganisms than do less occluded areas (legs, arms, and trunk). These quantitative differences may relate to increased amount of moisture, higher body temperature, and greater concentrations of skin surface lipids. The axilla, perineum, and toe webs are more frequently colonized by Gram-negative bacilli than are drier areas of the skin. The number of bacteria on an individuals skin remains relatively constant; bacterial survival and the extent of colonization probably depend partly on the exposure of skin to a particular environment and partly on the innate and species-specific bactericidal activity in skin. Also, a high degree of specificity is involved in the adherence of bacteria to epithelial surfaces. Not all bacteria attach to skin; staphylococci, which are the major element of the nasal flora, possess a distinct advantage over viridans streptococci in colonizing the nasal mucosa. Conversely, viridans streptococci are not seen in large numbers on the skin or in the nose but dominate the oral flora. The microbiology literature is inconsistent about the density of bacteria on the skin; one reason for this is the variety of methods used to collect skin bacteria. The scrub method yields the highest and most accurate counts for a given skin area. Most microorganisms live in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum and in the upper parts of the hair follicles. Some bacteria, however, reside in the deeper areas of the hair follicles and are beyond the reach of ordinary disinfection procedures. These bacteria are a reservoir for recolonization after the surface bacteria are removed. Staphylococcus epidermidis S. epidermidis is a major inhabitant of the skin, and in some areas it makes up more than 90 percent of the resident aerobic flora. Staphylococcus aureus The nose and perineum are the most common sites for S. aureus colonization, which is present in 10 percent to more than 40 percent of normal adults. S. aureus is prevalent (67 percent) on vulvar skin. Its occurrence in the nasal passages varies with age, being greater in the newborn, less in adults. S. aureus is extremely common (80 to 100 percent) on the skin of patients with certain dermatologic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, but the reason for this finding is unclear. Micrococci Micrococci are not as common as staphylococci and diphtheroids; however, they are frequently present on normal skin. Micrococcus luteus, the predominant species, usually accounts for 20 to 80 percent of the micrococci isolated from the skin. Diphtheroids (Coryneforms) The term diphtheroid denotes a wide range of bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. Classification of diphtheroids remains unsatisfactory; for convenience, cutaneous diphtheroids have been categorized into the following four groups: lipophilic or nonlipophilic diphtheroids; anaerobic diphtheroids; diphtheroids producing porphyrins (coral red fluorescence when viewed under ultraviolet light); and those that possess some keratinolytic enzymes and are associated with trichomycosis axillaris (infection of axillary hair). Lipophilic diphtheroids are extremely common in the axilla, whereas nonlipophilic strains are found more commonly on glabrous skin. Anaerobic diphtheroids are most common in areas rich in sebaceous glands. Although the name Corynebacterium acnes was originally used to describe skin anaerobic diphtheroids, these are now classified as Propionibacterium acnes and as P. granulosum. P. acnes are seen eight times more frequently than P. granulosum in acne lesions and are probably involved in acne pathogenesis. Children younger than 10 years are rarely colonized with P. acnes. The appearance of this organism on the skin is probably related to the onset of secretion of sebum (a semi-fluid substance composed of fatty acids and epithelial debris secreted from sebaceous glands) at puberty. P. avidum, the third species of cutaneous anaerobic diphtheroids, is rare in acne lesions and is more often isolated from the axilla. Streptococci Streptococci, especially ÃŽÂ ²-hemolytic streptococci, are rarely seen on normal skin. The paucity of ÃŽÂ ²-hemolytic streptococci on the skin is attributed at least in part to the presence of lipids on the skin, as these lipids are lethal to streptococci. Other groups of streptococci, such as ÃŽÂ ±-hemolytic streptococci, exist primarily in the mouth, from where they may, in rare instances, spread to the skin. Gram-Negative Bacilli Gram-negative bacteria make up a small proportion of the skin flora. In view of their extraordinary numbers in the gut and in the natural environment, their scarcity on skin is striking. They are seen in moist intertriginous areas, such as the toe webs and axilla, and not on dry skin. Desiccation is the major factor preventing the multiplication of Gram-negative bacteria on intact skin. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Proteus specie are predominant Gram-negative organisms found on the skin. Acinetobacter spp also occurs on the skin of normal individuals and, like other Gram-negative bacteria, is more common in the moist intertriginous areas. Nail Flora The microbiology of a normal nail is generally similar to that of the skin. Dust particles and other extraneous materials may get trapped under the nail, depending on what the nail contacts. In addition to resident skin flora, these dust particles may carry fungi and bacilli. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Mucor are the major types of fungi found under the nails. Oral and Upper Respiratory Tract Flora The oral flora is involved in dental caries and periodontal disease, which affect about 80 percent. of the population in the Western world.Anaerobes in the oral flora are responsible for many of the brain, face, and lung infections that are frequently manifested by abscess formation. The pharynx and trachea contain primarily those bacterial genera found in the normal oral cavity (for example, ÃŽÂ ±-and ÃŽÂ ²-hemolytic streptococci); however, anaerobes, staphylococci, neisseriae, diphtheroids, and others are also present. Potentially pathogenic organisms such as Haemophilus, mycoplasmas, and pneumococci may also be found in the pharynx. Anaerobic organisms also are reported frequently. The upper respiratory tract is so often the site of initial colonization by pathogens (Neisseria meningitides, C. diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, and many others) and could be considered the first region of attack for such organisms. In contrast, the lower respiratory tract (small bronchi and alveoli) is usually sterile, because particles the size of bacteria do not readily reach it. If bacteria do reach these regions, they encounter host defense mechanisms, such as alveolar macrophages, that are not present in the pharynx. (A) Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of rat colonic mucosa. The bar indicates the thick layer of bacteria between the mucosal surface and the lumen (L) (X 262,) (B) Higher magnification of the area indicated by the arrow in Fig. A, showing a mass of bacteria (B) immediately adjacent to colonized intestinal tissue (T), (X2,624.) (Figure from Davis CP: Preservation of bacteria and their microenvironmental association in the rat by freezing. Appl Environ Microbiol 31:310,1976, with permission.) More information is available on the animal than the human micro flora. Research on animals has revealed that unusual filamentous microorganisms attach to ileal epithelial cells and modify host membranes with few or no harmful effects. Microorganisms have been observed in thick layers on gastrointestinal surfaces and in the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Other studies indicate that the immune response can be modulated by the intestinal flora. Studies role of the intestinal flora in biosynthesis of vitamin K and other host-utilizable products, conversion of bile acids (perhaps to cocarcinogens), and ammonia production (which can play a role in hepatic coma) show the dual role of the microbial flora in influencing the health of the host. More basic studies of the human bowel flora are necessary to define their effect on humans (Samuel 1996).Browse on Medical Microbiology à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Depiction of the human body and bacteria that predominate The skin flora are the microorganisms which reside on the skin. Most research has been upon those that reside upon the 2 square meters of human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1000 species upon human skin from 19 phyla (Grice et al., 2009;Pappas,2009).The total number of bacteria on an average human has been estimated at 1012 (Todar) .Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles. Skin flora are usually non-pathogenic, and either commensals (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface, either by competing for nutrients, secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the skins immune system (Cogen et al., 2008). However, resident microbes can cause skin diseases and enter the blood system creating life threatening diseases particularly in immunosuppressed people (Cogen et al., 2008).Hygiene to control such flora is important in preventing the transmission of antibiotic resistant hospital-acquired infections. A major nonhuman skin flora is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid and non-hyphal zoosporic fungus that causes chytridiomycosis, infectious disease thought to be responsible for the decline in amphibian populations. Ecology of the 20 sites on the skin studied in the Human Microbiome Project: There are three main ecological areas: moist, dry and sebaceous. Propionibacteria and Staphylococci species were the main species in sebaceous areas. In moist places on the body Corynebacteria together with Staphylococci dominate. In dry areas, there is a mixture of species but b-Proteobacteria and Flavobacteriales are dominant. Ecologically, sebaceous areas had greater species richness than moist and dry one. The areas with least similarity between people in species were the spaces between fingers, the spaces between toes, axillae, and umbilical cord stump. Most similarly were beside the nostril, nares (inside the nostril), and on the back (Grice et al., 2009). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an example of a mutualistic bacteria that can turn into a pathogen and cause disease: if gains entry into the blood system it can result in inflections in bone, joint, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It can also cause dermatitis. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces antimicrobial substances such as pseudomonic acid that are exploited commercially such as Mupirocin. This works against staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa also produces substances that inhibit the growth of fungus species such as Candida krusei, Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigatus (Kerr, 1994).It can also inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori (Krausse et al.,2005). So important is its antimicrobial actions that it has been noted that removing P. aeruginosa from the skin, through use of oral or topical antibiotics, may inversely allow for aberrant yeast colonization and infection (Cogen et al. , 2008). Another aspect of bacteria is the generation of body odor. Sweat is odorless but Propionibacteria in adolescent adult sebaceous glands can turn its amino acids into propionic acid. Staphylococcus epidermidis create the other source of body odor: isovaleric acid (3-methyl butanoic acid) (Ara et al., 2006).In addition to these, people with strong foot odor this is due to Bacillus subtilis (Ara et al., 2006).

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (the King) and Seneca’s Oedipus Essay -- compar

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (the King) and Seneca’s Oedipus    Contrary to Sophocles’ Oedipus that was written to the Greeks, a peaceful and wise audience, Seneca’s Oedipus was written to the Romans, a militaristic and violent community.   Seneca successfully appeals to the elements of Roman literature; therefore, Edith Hamilton in The Roman Way calls him the â€Å"Father of sentimental drama.†Ã‚   Seneca wrote the play in around 50 AD about 480 years after Sophocles’ production.   The Roman audience responded to a melodramatic plot rather than the tragic theme of the former Oedipus.   Seneca, in rewriting the play Oedipus makes significant adjustments to suit the Roman audience, particularly plot and style changes. Melodrama in this sense (compared to tragedy) draws forth more of an emotional, pitiful reaction and any evidence of fear is removed; on the contrary, the emotion of pity is exaggerated and stressed.   The Greek wisdom and their capability to see beauty in all life created a desire for tragedy which draws forth reactions of both pity and fear; according to the Greeks, tragedy portrays mankind at his finest, standing tall among suffering and capable of heroism by overcoming evil.   Edith Hamilton in The Roman Way says, â€Å" . . . the unfamiliar and the extraordinary were on the whole repellent to them (the Greeks) and they detested every form of exaggeration.†Ã‚   She goes on to say, â€Å"Greek tragedy had no appeal as the Romans understood the words.†Ã‚   The Romans viewed life as cheap, almost worthless; therefore, to appeal to this audience, Seneca made fate seem merciless, while Sophocles suggested a tragic flaw, indicating the partial fault of the character. The plot of Sophocles’ and Seneca’s Oedipus are much the same.   Oedipus... ...d concentration on fate, Seneca appeals to the vicious Roman audience he writes to, as opposed to Sophocles’ pensive Greek audience.   The Roman audience desired more violent literature, and responded to the concept that fate and predestination were inescapable, while the Greek audience defined tragedy, including a tragic flaw of the character, as mankind at his best because the character becomes wise.   Seneca in rewriting the original Oedipus tragedy, removes any indication of fear, completely concentrating on the emotion of pity.   While Sophocles’ Oedipus can be called Greek tragedy, Seneca’s Oedipus exaggerates pity and disgust and must be classified as melodrama.   Instead of arousing pity and fear from the audience, Seneca uses plot and style changes and simply appeals to the emotion of pity to adhere to his Roman audience.               

Drug Abuse in Nigeria Essays -- Nigerian Society Illegal Narcotics

Drug Abuse in Nigeria Today, you only have to switch on your television, radio or open a newspaper or magazine to be aware that the structure of our society is being contaminated by the growing evil plague of drug abuse. Drug abuse, is one of the major problems in the Nigerian society. Actually, almost every country faces such problem today. A lot of measures are taken to struggle against drug abuse, and, definitely, some changes for the better are evident. However, this problem is not eliminated and perhaps, will never be completely stopped. The repetitive death of drug users today has become an everyday event, that most of us had used it. The numbers of the victims is more and more increasing rapidly in such a degree that makes us have fear on what our society will turn into. Prospectively, there was an alarming increase in drug abuse at our country. Many students take cocaine, heroine, hash, crack, and other drugs. Problem of drug abuse has made a way through the society. Overprotection some times makes a gateway for the beginning of drug abuse. The imitation of musicians and actors can lead many young people to drugs, as they are trying to look alike them. However, as we know, today this entire teenage is all about being ‘cool’. This affects most young people and it is more obvious in places where there are many people, like in college. The society today has become a place where drugs are gotten easily in the college, whenever and whatever drug you want. Finally, a disappointment from a relationship or school, for example a fail in the finals, can be a good reason for those young people to turn into drugs. For this bad situation that exists in Nigeria today, many teachers and counselors have tried to let pe... ... the past 10 months.†(p.19) In the 80s Nigerian citizens are caught on daily bases due to drug trafficking. At a moment like this what the country should do is to apply a policy that would reduce drug trafficking. Another way to control this issue is to put roadblocks and checkpoints where violence is common and also in airports and seaports. The N.D.L.E.A should also make sure that all pharmacies issue people drugs on prescription only. The problem of drug abuse is not something that can be controlled while sitting down, the country has to work together to prevent this harmful act. If the whole country will seek and use the knowledge they have to fight drug abuse then the society would be a better place to live .Now that we know the effects of drug abuse, it is time to put our hands together as a family to fight drug abuse in Nigeria and all over the world.

Domestic Violence in Russia

Why is domestic abuse so widespread in Russia – and are its causes culturally specific? Slide 1 Domestic violence is one of the main causes of women's suffering and even death. Unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, this topic has often been passed over in silence all over the world. However, in the past 10 years, things have changed: women have begun to make their voices heard, and have finally started seeking help. But is this true for women in Russia?Slide 2 First we need to define what constitutes domestic violence. The Department of Health defines domestic violence as â€Å"a continuum of behavior ranging from verbal abuse, physical, sexual assault, to rape, and even homicide. † This definition includes such violence as violence in dating, animal abuse, child abuse, violence in same-sex families, violence between intimate partners, as well as violence between neighbors and friends. This paper focuses on domestic violence between intimate partners, both married an d unmarried.Slide 3According to the Ukrainian TV channel â€Å"Inter,† â€Å"every third woman in the world at least once in her life has been physically abused. † In the Ukraine, as well as in Russia, this figure is much higher; every second woman at least once becomes  the victim of domestic violence. For example, according to the Acting Head of the Department of Public Order of Russia, General-Lieutenant Michael Artamoshkina, every fourth family in Russia experiences some type of domestic violence and two-thirds of homicides are due to family and domestic reasons.To give a sense of the scale and severity of the disaster, which in Russia is simply called â€Å"family problems,† about 14 thousand women die at the hands of their husbands or other relatives and 40 percent of all serious violent crimes annually are committed within families. Just to compare the scale, it should be noted that within 10 years of war between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, 14 tho usand people were killed. The incidents of domestic violence in Russian families are increasing year after year.In addition to this, we should take in consideration all the children that are witnessing domestic violence in their families who experience severe trauma, which they may then transfer to their future families. As a result, every year 50 thousand children leave their homes and 2 thousand children commit suicide. Slide 4 This reminds me of the popular English phrase, â€Å"My home – my castle,† which is translated to Russian as â€Å" – ,† meaning the security, reliability, and peace of mind hat are being obtained not just through the walls of the house but mostly through family, mainly the spouse. At the same time there is a Russian saying: â€Å" – ,† which means, â€Å"Beating is a sign of loving,† which possibly serves as another reinforcer or an excuse for domestic violence in Russia. Slide 5 Video Slide 6 Domestic vi olence doesn’t necessarily cause physical damage.There are several types of domestic violence between two intimate partners: * emotional abuse, such as humiliation, which damages self-esteem, verbal abuse, rudeness, instilling the idea that a woman plays the role of a bad wife and mother; * economic violence where the partner doesn’t allow the woman to work, forcing her to ask for money, and, therefore, lowering her self-esteem; * sexual abuse, which is forcing the partner to have a physical relationship; * physical violence, which is the most common and includes beating, slapping, using weapons, etc. * threats such as threats to take the children or commit suicide; * bullying, which can be presented in the forms of intimidation through gestures, actions, destroying household items; * manipulation of children such as instilling a sense of guilt in front of children, using children to manipulate; and finally * isolation which is a continuous monitoring of what a woman d oes, whom she can be friends with, with whom she associates and communicates and prohibition of communication with people that are close to her.What are the causes of such violence by men, and why don’t women fight for their right for a peaceful and happy life? The first problem is the lack of an adequate system to deal with this problem in Russia. Since the legislation has not embraced a definition of domestic violence as a crime, men feel a sense of impunity. The second reason is that this behavior is inherent in every person as a cause of reproducible patterns. The ones, who witnessed their father beat their mother during their childhood, have a higher probability of becoming a family tyrant.Some other problems that are common causes of violence in Russia are male alcoholism, low material security, and unemployment among men. But violence occurs not only in the families of alcoholics, but also in the families of professors, and managers. A couple of years ago in Russia, th is problem was not discussed at all; the topic was practically banned. On the basis of information provided by the above-mentioned channel, â€Å"most of women find it to be a taboo topic. And do not talk about their problems for fear of a repetition and confidence in the impunity of the offender.    Slide 7In Russia, as well as in Ukraine, domestic violence is considered to be â€Å"hooliganism,† and for the most severe abuser the punishment is confinement for a period of up to 360 hours, which equals to the period of two weeks, after which the offender gets released back into the family. It is not surprising that women do not even turn to the police to report allegations of domestic violence since imprisonment for a period of two weeks would only worsen an already complicated relationship. There is one more feature, the victim is usually very ashamed to admit that she has been beaten, so she remains silent for years.In addition, many husbands beat their partners in such a way that no one can see scars and bruises. Therefore most of the physical trauma is being caused to the heads of the victims, which ends with more fetal outcomes. The reasons why the victims do not leave their spouses are the same all over the world, starting from banal economic barriers, especially when they have children. There are not enough crisis centers and shelters for victims of domestic violence in Russia. There are about 18 state and 40 public shelters for women, there are over 500 of them in Great Britain.In addition, social services do not have the authority to help women with children. Sociologists say that domestic violence is a consequence of the treatment of women as the second grade citizens. Surprisingly, the victim often agrees with the offender. For example, if she was slapped for not cooking well enough, then she must really not know how to cook. The longer victims stay with the offender, the lower their self-esteem becomes. They start â€Å"putting† th emselves into their husband’s or lover’s, developing Stockholm Syndrome.Therefore, one of the tasks of the psychologist in crisis centers is to explain to the victim that she is not guilty, no matter how poorly she cleaned the apartment or how short her skirt was. The victims must first understand that there can be no reasons to be physically abused, and that it is against the law. But the law allows a lot of other things, like sexual coercion, since in Russia there is no concept of â€Å"marital rape,† as well as isolation and control, not allowing to dress a certain way, and preventing access to education.Hopefully, at least on paper, the situation will change with the passage of the â€Å"Prevention of Domestic Violence Law,† so the government won’t wait until people die before they do something about this worldwide problem. However, the development of this law has begun in 1994, but it was long ignored. At the same time, in the early ‘90s legislatives in many other countries advanced amendments, which were approved and worked very well in preventing fetal outcomes of domestic violence.For example, in Israel as well as American courts, a restraining order is given to victims prohibiting the offender to approach the victim or her resistance. The basis for such a restraining order is not just â€Å"actual acts of violence† but also threats, insults, and scandals. We should consider some real-life examples of domestic violence, and the extent to which it can reach. One of the most sensational cases of domestic violence, which shocked the whole world,  was the matter of Bibi Aisha. Slide 8 This girl’s parents made her to marry militant Taliban at the age of 14, who was severely abusive.Having lived four years through endless humiliations, in 2009 Bibi decided to escape, but her father returned her to her in-laws and as punishment, her husband took her to the mountains, cut off her ears and nose and left h er there to die. The girl was only 18 years old. Fortunately, she was lucky, and was saved by American doctors, who a year later were able to make a new nose for her. The history of Bibi Aisha affected the whole world, but unfortunately it is far from unique. One day in 2010 a Russian girl named Tatyana Polskaya was returning from work.Approaching the entrance of her building, she saw a young man standing by the entrance with a bottle in his hand. He was not alone; Tatyana said that she noticed someone observing not far from the entrance. When she turned to the young man, he splashed in her face something of the bottle. She ran to a snowdrift and began to wash her face with the snow. As it turned out later, the bottle was full of sulfuric acid. The investigation of her case has hit a dead end; there are no suspects or defendants. Tanya has already had eight operations, but her vision hasn’t been restored.The same year Oksana Serdyuk, who has recently broken up with her former lover, was going home with a new partner. They accidentally met her former partner at the park and talked. He asked permission to escort them to the porch and when they got there, he hit Oksana with a knife directly in her stomach. Her boyfriend rushed to defend his girlfriend, but was stabbed in the lung. Then the former partner calmly walked over to Oksana, raised her head by pulling her hair and began to slash her neck. A passing car, which flashed its headlights, saved them and the attacker fled.As it turned out later in the hospital Oksana was saved by a miracle, since the stabbing took place at 2 mm from her carotid artery. According to Oksana, her ex-boyfriend was insanely jealous, and when she tried to leave, he threatened her by telling that he would commit a suicide. She could not even think that this man could bring harm to others. He was sentenced to 12 years. Perhaps, this is one in thousands of cases when an offender of domestic violence actually received a substantia l sentence. Why is there such a difference between the statistics and actual numbers of domestic violence in Russia?The main problem in the procedure of registering domestic violence is in law enforcement, since this kind of violence doesn’t have a separate category in the constitution of the Russian Federation. As long as the legislation does not adopt a definition of domestic violence, the situation will not change. Also the low number of women actually going to the police should be noted, since many women believe that the police won’t be able to help them, and therefore they rarely file a petition. It is important that the Criminal Code and Administrative Code include the concept of domestic violence.Domestic abuse must incur liability not only in severe cases, such as personal injury and murder, but also in the â€Å"mild† forms of violence, like threats and emotional damage. Also, it is important to transfer domestic violence from the sphere of private char ges to the sphere of public accusations, so that it is impossible to take back an application, since while the process is going on – a lot of men convince their women to take back the application, promising them that things will change, and once the application is taken back – the case is dropped, and the cycle of abuse continues.If the case were kept open, the offender would get at least some sort of punishment. And it is definitely necessary to add protection orders; but when this was discussed in the legislature, unfortunately this immediately raised the question of a possible violation of men’s rights. Slide 9 However, it is true that victims of violence are not only women but also men. Unfortunately, there is no exact statistics of the real number of victims. Men as well as women have their own reasons not to report domestic violence. Women are often leaders in their families, but, as psychologists report, are rarely tyrants.According to psychotherapist Ale xander Polev, â€Å"If a wife and mother become tyrants – it's not normal. † â€Å"As a rule, these women are from dysfunctional families, which copy their parents. Tyrants can be oppressed mothers and children – they repeat the situation in exactly same way. † Victims of woman rarely seek psychological help, despite the frequency of the beatings. Experts say that in Russia, of the total number of reported cases of domestic violence – 5% are feature male victims. And this is just the tip of the iceberg of victims of female aggression.For men it is really difficult to accept that they have been beaten by a female: it is considered to be shameful and men often prefer to deal with their trauma alone. But even taking into account the psychological barriers to the recognition by men that they have been domestically violated, domestic violence hotlines a few times still receive calls from men suffering violence in their homes. Psychologists are convinced that for men, fallen under the heel of a strong woman, there is only one solution – a divorce. Separation with their wife-tyrant doesn’t always bring satisfaction and resolution to all their problems.Without psychological help and adaptation, a man who has been with a women-tyrant tends to fall for women of the same type. Slide 10 Domestic violence is a worldwide problem, but unfortunately, in Russia, in comparison with other big countries, the government hasn’t yet found a way to deal with this problem effectively. The problem is often ignored, and its scale is underestimated. But personal, not just governmental action is needed: no one deserves to be abused, and victims of domestic violence -must seek immediate help, break their silence, protect themselves as well as their children, and serve as an example to others.

Lost Worlds

In his article â€Å"Lessons from Lost Worlds†,   Jared Diamond briefly relates the environmental issues facing the world today.   He compares drought issues in Southern California to those of the ancient Anasazi or the Four Corners area of the American southwest, deforestation issues to the collapse of Polynesian societies and the interdependence of cultures to the collapse of island cultures as well/   Diamond points out that many of the countries causing political unrest around the world are among the most environmentally devastated and overpopulated in the world. He argues that it took the calamity of September 11, 2001, to make most Americans aware of their relationship with the rest of the world and that globalization means that we can be affected by global events far beyond the American borders. Diamond is a professor of geography and public health at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a director of the World Wildlife Fund. Both speak to his predisposition to seeing global climate change as a serious evil, even though he begins his article by saying that he had not considered the ramifications of environmental issues until his children were born.   He also uses himself and the Anasazi chieftains as an example of why people should care about the environment. The argument that it doesn’t affect me may not be true, as in the case of the last Anasazi’s, or it may be our children that will live with the consequences of our actions. Diamond takes it as a given that parents want the world to be a better, or at least as good, place for their children.   However, he blames the lack of will to change our own lives for what we are doing to the planet. The argument that the worst environmentally destroyed nations and most over-populated are political hotbeds is very convincing. I read recently that Pakistan fights a constant battle with mass immigration from India and because of it, the two countries are always on the brink of war. The main issue is that the India is well-overpopulated and has insufficient water for its people, so they leave trying to find another place to get their basic needs. People who cannot get enough food and water rightly resent those who appear to have everything and terrorists and those who support them develop as a result. I agree with Diamond’s observations that if we take more time to correct global climate issues, we may in fact be fixing some of our political issues as well.

Frankenstein and Lord of the Flies Essay

‘Frankenstein’ and ‘Lord of the Flies’ were written in different centuries. Analyse the similarities and discuss the differences which you have found in these texts. You should pay particular attention to characterisation, style and theme. Mary Shelley wrote ‘Frankenstein’ in the 18th Century. As there was no cinema or television available books were a widely accessible form of entertainment. Particularly fantastical texts like ‘Dracula’ and ‘Vathek’ were popular, books like these were not meant to be thought of as a portrayal of realism, this is why ‘Frankenstein’ is very unbelievable. ‘Frankenstein’ is set in a time when new science posed a threat to Christian beliefs, as society started to believe that man could be created. This all seemed very possible in the early 18th Century because Benjamin Franklin had previously invented a lightning conductor and in 1802 Galvani ran a current through a frogs legs and it produced a twitch. The thought of starting life with lightning terrified people because of the dangers it appeared to pose to endanger human life. William Golding published ‘Lord of the Flies’ in 1954, nine years after the end of the Second World War. So there were still conflicts going on between Russia and America, Golding used the idea of continuous war and portrayed it onto the island. The text concerns a group of public school boys getting trapped on an island after their plane crashes; they all have traditional upbringings and attitudes. Other books, which had previously been written such as ‘Swiss Family Robinson’ and ‘Coral Island’, featured a similar situation but with a happier ending, these types of books were all very unrealistic and fairytale like. William Golding wrote what he thought would really happen if anyone ever faced this situation. The two tribes that develop in ‘Lord of the Flies’ (Jack’s and Ralph’s) represent Hitler and the Nazi’s against the allies (America, Great Britain etc). The Italians swapped sides during the war as the Nazi’s became weaker; Sam and Eric reflect this as they join Jack’s tribe because Ralph’s is less popular. Both books have many similarities and differences between them. The main similarity is that both books are about lines of civilisation being broken revealing the darker sides of people’s characters. The boys in ‘Lord of the Flies’ are immediately, physically desolate after their plane crashes. Nobody knows where they are and there are no adults. In Shelley’s book, the character Frankenstein chooses to be isolated as his work is more important to him than anything around him. One similarity between the two books are the characters Piggy and the ‘creature’. These two characters are both judged by their appearance. Piggy is ‘†¦shorter than the fair boy and very fat’. He has ‘†¦asthma’ and ‘†¦thick spectacles’. The ‘creature’ has ‘yellow skin’ and ‘†¦straight black lips’, in both cases we can immediately tell that they are physically different. Even Frankenstein, the ‘creatures’ creator ‘†¦dreaded to behold’ him. They both become isolated and victimised because other people see them as being different; this creates a feeling of sympathy towards both characters throughout the books. They also both have no parents as Piggy’s â€Å"†¦dad’s dead, and [his] mum†, and the ‘creature’ said: â€Å"No father has watched my infant days, no mother had blessed me with smiles and caresses.† The ‘creature’ feels sadness and rejection and believes that having parents is important, this is also implicit in the case of Piggy, but the ‘creature’ has never been loved by anyone so the feeling of depression is greater. It can be argued however that, in a way the ‘creature’ has been loved as Frankenstein loved him while he was creating him. When he is brought to life the love he had previously received from Frankenstein ends. The difference between these two characters is that Piggy’s intelligence is threatening to the other boys as he has some sensible ideas that the boys do not wish to carry out. He says: â€Å"Which is better- to have rules and agree, or to hunt and kill?† The boys ignore him as they have already descended into tribalism at this point. Piggy’s intelligence is threatening because he has a very defined idea of what is right and wrong and he is a very moral person. The ‘creature’s’ intelligence is harmless as he only wishes to fit in. However, as the ‘creature’ becomes more knowledgeable he â€Å"†¦discovered what a wretched outcast† he was. He has no idea of what is right and wrong and only wants to fit in. The level of intelligence an individual has, whether it is a lot or a little can still make them isolated from others. From the start of ‘Lord of the Flies’ we can tell that Piggy wants to fit in by the way he follows Ralph. ‘Ralph disentangled himself cautiously and stole away through the branches. In a few seconds the fat boys grunts were behind him.’ He is last to put his hand up to vote for Ralph: ‘Every hand outside the choir except Piggy’s was raised immediately.’ He hesitates because although he wants to vote for Ralph he does not want to be the only one who votes for him. He wants to fit in and not be the odd one out. It is implicit that Piggy was not very popular at school as â€Å"They used to call [him] Piggy†. This is why he follows Ralph in the way he does; he desperately tries to try and make friends as he feels depressed and sad about his previous school life. He is not very attractive; this is a reflection of how people perceive him. There are not just similarities between Piggy and the ‘creature’. Frankenstein and Ralph are also similar because although they are in different situations, they both have something they want to achieve. Ralph desperately wants to be rescued from the island. He constantly tries to keep the fire going as â€Å"†¦The fire is the main thing†, because it is a signal to people to show that they are stranded. Frankenstein’s aim is to take science a step further by creating new life without using nature. They are both headstrong and both have will power to achieve what they want to. Unlike Frankenstein, Ralph sees reality as he acknowledges that if they do not try to get rescued they will die on the island. â€Å"†¦without the smoke signal we’ll die here!† Ralph is far more considerate than Frankenstein. Frankenstein does not consider the consequences of his actions and as a result of this he creates a disaster. He does not see reality as he becomes so determined to be the first person to create life. While Frankenstein is preoccupied with creating life, Ralph believes that preserving life is more important. Frankenstein can also be compared to Simon from ‘Lord of the Flies’. They are both symbolic of Christ. Simon passed ‘†¦food down to outstretched hands’ and Frankenstein stated that; ‘†¦food that I had killed, which after taking a small part, I always presented to those who had provided me.’ They are both kind and considerate and the way they give to others is much like the same way that Jesus did. Although Frankenstein has been isolated and anti social for a few years he is still amiable. Simon is surrounded by a lot of biblical images all through the book. The way that Simon appreciates the island and nature seems quite strange to the other boys. He is described as â€Å"†¦cracked† and â€Å"†¦batty†. In the same way Frankenstein gets remarks because he enjoys ‘†¦the structure of the human frame.’ and philosophy. Both Simon and Frankenstein are intransigent as they ignore any comments tackling their views. Frankenstein believes that: ‘A new species would bless me as its creator†¦ would owe their being to me.’ He wants to be worshipped and idolised for creating life like God. Simon wants to appreciate his surroundings, which God as created. Frankenstein states that; ‘No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs.’ He becomes arrogant and his ego begins to swell. He wants to totally change the way in which humans are brought to life and he becomes insatiably infatuated with this. Simon willingly accepts the beauty of nature and he sees things differently to other people, like ‘the beast’ only being a fallen pilot (this shows more clarity of thought than the other boys). Unlike Frankenstein, Simon’s character is very vague, he is simply known as ‘†¦the boy who fainted’ towards the beginning of the book. He is also described as a ‘†¦vivid little boy.’ No one really understands him as he has more maturity to understand things than the other boys, but he does not have the vocabulary to express his views and feelings. Frankenstein’s character is not constant through the book. At first he is very unorthodox, as he does not consider the views or beliefs of anyone around him. Towards the end of the book he becomes remorseful as he realises that he has created a ‘†¦demoniacal corpse.’ When Simon died the ‘†¦clouds opened and let down the rain like a waterfall.’ This is pathetic fallacy as it reflects what is happening in the story. Simon is seen as God- like, and the storm and heavy rain is like God’s anger against the savage boys’ sin. It is as if they killed the good on the island and it cannot be justified or tolerated. After he is killed the language used is very calming; there was a ‘†¦trickle of water’ and ‘†¦no noise’. This is ethereal, as if Simon’s body is being taken by angels up to heaven. The way Simon’s dead body ‘†¦moved out towards the open sea’ is very heavenly. When Simon sees the Lord of the Flies for the first time, Golding says: ‘Even if he shut his eyes, the sows head still remained like an after- image†¦They assured Simon that everything was a bad business.’ It is as if Simon is getting a vision from God; the sow’s head demonstrated how the hunting has got out of control. God is warning him that what is happening on the island cannot be accepted. After this has happened it is ironic that Simon is killed for being mistaken for ‘the beast’. The message given to him was right; the hunting on the island had become a ‘†¦bad business.’ The difference between the two books is that Frankenstein is a man of science and Simon is a man of spirit. In ‘Frankenstein’ it is science against religion, where as in ‘Lord of the Flies’ the human need to survive is put against society. Another character from ‘Lord of the Flies’ who can be compared to Frankenstein is Jack. It is clear from the start that Jack will potentially be a threat from his appearance. He has ‘†¦red hair’ which signifies a fiery temper, and red is also used for warning signs, which indicate danger. Both Jack and Frankenstein become obsessive about certain things. Frankenstein becomes obsessed with creating the ‘creature’ and Jack lets hunting become his obsession. Jack begins to bring up hunting in most conversations, he said: â€Å"All the same- in the forest. I mean when you’re hunting.† He is the first to suggest that the choir form a group called ‘the hunters’ and he is always the first to lead them out into the forest to go on a hunt he insists to the other boys that meat is important. Jack becomes excited by ‘†¦droppings that steamed’ he bends ‘†¦down to them as though he loved them.’ This is clearly not natural behaviour and these are definite signs that his obsession with hunting has gone too far. Frankenstein gets so engrossed with his work that he forgets about his family. He, like Jack, becomes disturbingly infatuated with his project as he does many inhumane things: ‘[He]†¦collected bones from charnel- houses and disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame.’ The word ‘profane’ is important because it illustrates the way he shows disrespect for religion. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ the other religion could be classed as Ralph’s tribe. Jack does not consider the welfare of these boys and he becomes so obsessed with hunting that he forgets both his morals and the fact that the boys need to be rescued. While Jack is hunting ‘The madness came into his eyes again.’ He has the urge to kill and his obsession has got so far out of control he is losing his sanity. However, these two characters are also very different because Jack has a cruel personality; he picks on the weaker boys. Piggy is usually his victim; he singles him out for the way he looks, he says, â€Å"†¦shut up fatty† and â€Å"†¦you fat slug†. He ‘†¦smacked Piggy’s head’ and he is also very sarcastic towards him: â€Å"We mustn’t let anything happen to Piggy, must we?† His character is also very fierce; this becomes apparent from the language used. The way he ‘†¦slashed’, ‘†¦slammed’ and ‘†¦snatched’ shows he is destructive. He acts like this so that the other boys become afraid of him and do not challenge his views; he feels powerful and dominant. He gains respect from the other boys by behaving like this: ‘Jack looked round for understanding and found only respect.’ He regains the power which he lost from not being voted chief by behaving in this way, and he also feels he has control over the other boys. The boys do not always agree with him, they just ‘†¦followed him obediently’ because they are afraid of him. Jack is also like the ‘creature’ because they both show their darker sides after being isolated. Jack believes he has the qualities to be leader because he can â€Å"†¦sing C sharp.† When Ralph is voted leader, Jack immediately becomes isolated, and tension occurs between them as he constantly challenges Ralph to be leader. The ‘creature’ becomes isolated because he is not socially accepted, as he looks different. His treacherous side shows as his level of intelligence increases. He begins to feel â€Å"†¦rage and revenge† towards Frankenstein, in the same way Jack feels for Ralph. The ‘creature’ says that: â€Å"I declared ever-lasting war against the species, and more than all, against him who had formed me.† The language used here is very strong; he shows feelings of hate towards Frankenstein because he enrolled him into a world of misery. Jack and the creature both develop feelings of hatred towards the ones who have ostracised them. Some of the words used to describe Jack and Frankenstein are animalistic. When Jack is hunting it is like he almost becomes an animal, he ‘†¦sniffs the air’ and comes ‘†¦trotting back.’ When Frankenstein gets angry he ‘†¦gnashed [his] teeth and ground them together.’ They do mot appear human as they are stripped of human characteristics such as conscience and morality. This suggests that they have evil natures. These evil natures can also be shown by the inhumane killings that occur in both books. ‘Lord of the Flies’ and ‘Frankenstein’ both feature violence, death and murder. In ‘Frankenstein’ the creature becomes completely demoralized like Jack and Roger, the murders they commit are brutal, but the reader is more sympathetic for the ‘creature’ because he has never been loved and however desperately he tried to find a friend he was always rejected. The boys in ‘Lord of the Flies’ have been loved and brought up in a religious manner, so they have no excuse to kill. The boys’ deconstruction of their reality mirrors the ‘creature’s’ construction of reality. This can be shown when Simon is brutally torn apart, where as the monster is pieced together. Simon can also be related to the ‘creature’ because he has a problem, which he cannot do anything about. Simon is ‘epileptic’ and the ‘creature’ is ugly and ‘†¦8 foot tall’. These are problems, which can stop them from being like other people. In ‘Frankenstein’ the style in which the book is written is totally different than that of ‘Lord of the Flies’. There are three concentric layers, one within the other. The outer layer, which is the shortest, is Robert Walton’s letters to his sister describing his voyage to the North Pole. In the next layer Frankenstein tells the story of how he created the monster and how he abandoned it in disgust. In the third layer the ‘creature’ describes the struggle he has trying to fit in. There are also multiple storytellers in ‘Frankenstein’. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ the book has a linear narrative as it reads from beginning to end, it is narrated entirely by the author. As ‘Frankenstein’ is a gothic horror book, the murders do not come as much of a surprise to the reader, where as ‘Lord of the Flies’ features innocent, young school boys committing brutal murders. So the shock value in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is greater and indeed more horrific than that in ‘Frankenstein’. The books are also both written in a way so that the reader looses track of time. Many phrases are used in the text to imply that a lot of time has passed, like ‘Two years had now nearly elapsed’ and ‘Six years had elapsed’. This reflects the insanity that develops in the characters. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ there is a system of hierarchy, as there is only one place at the top Jack and Ralph constantly fight to be the highest so that they have power over the other boys. These boys are underneath Jack and Ralph in the hierarchy so they are not as powerful they are, this is why they follow one of them. Piggy is one of the weaker boys at the bottom; this is why he is victimised. In ‘Frankenstein’ there is no system of hierarchy, everyone in the text is considered as equal. In both books there is a role reversal. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ Ralph goes from being leader to an outcast who is left to survive on his own. Jack’s hunting tribe eventually over powers Ralph’s tribe who want to be rescued. This shows the immaturity of the boys as they forget their priorities. The role reversal in ‘Frankenstein’ occurs between Frankenstein and the ‘creature’. Frankenstein has power over the ‘creature’ while he is creating him, but when he disowns him; he is left to do what he likes. He becomes more powerful than Frankenstein (and indeed any human being) because of his sheer stature and his increased level of intelligence. Frankenstein is aware of the fact that he does not have any morals as he killed innocent children. The ‘creature’ realises this: â€Å"You are my creator, but I am your master; obey!† Role reversals are used in the text to show that the goodness in a person does not always win. I have already discussed thematic issues within characterisation, but the main theme in both books is about the darkness of Man’s soul. The evil side of man, which is inherent in everybody, can be brought out in different situations. The two books show this in different ways. ‘Frankenstein’ involves an adult world confronted with many scientific changes. ‘Lord of the Flies’ shows a world entirely populated by children who struggle to survive. However, in both books the same message is delivered; the notion of ‘society’ breaks down when there is nothing to uphold it. This is explored through the themes of isolation, difference, anger, ambition and obsession. While the boys on the island are unwillingly taken out of society’ structure and the ‘creature’ is forcefully thrust into it, the result is the same- the hidden darkness of mans soul is revealed.