Five key factors to team effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Five key factors to team effectiveness - Essay Example This article will firstly give brief explanation of team and teamwork, and try to find out some key conditions of developing effective team through collating early literature. The focus will be in the scope of human resource management even though much research discussed team combining consideration of organizations and leadership etc. The characteristics of effective team will be assessed and continually some issues will be arisen and viewed as challenges for managers examining. Debates also arise in the parts of the autonomy and reward. Finally the conclusion will mention the required change in the managers' roles in a changing environment. A team is a group of people assigned a task or a set of tasks to accomplish and often 'granted autonomy over how to accomplish their assignment' (Baron & Kreps, 1999). Harris and Harris define teamwork as 'a work group or unit with a common purpose through which members develop mutual relationships for the achievement of goals/tasks' (Tarricone & Luca, 2002). Combining the concept of autonomy, the definition of teamwork is chosen here for providing a simple, conceptual notion to discuss work teams with various purposes and types in business environment context. Since team-working has been widely ... Study has identified effective teamwork as one of the underlying elements of businesses with high performance. In other words, successful corporations 'rely on teamwork as an essential basis for everyday operations (Tarricone & Luca, 2002).' Therefore, the characteristics of effective team-working have been drawn and listed in tremendous amount of research. The conditions included in this article are listed and discussed next. 1. Mission clarity Some studies list the mission clarity as one of the necessary conditions (Sundstorm, Meuse & Futrell, 1990; Gustafson & Kleiner, 1994; Natale, Libertella & Rothschild, 1995; Borrelli, Cable & Higgs, 1995; ) or the most important one (Davis & Scase, 2000) while discussing effective team. Mission clarity means all team members fully and clearly perceive the purpose, goal and task. Purpose is that team members need to know why they are gathered to form a team, which means team formation (Gustafson & Kleiner, 1994). Goal is the target which members need to achieve, and it includes the match of short-term objectives and long-term strategies. Task contains deciding what should be done and assigning work. 2. Rewards and recognition Rewards occur while team tasks or goals are accomplished and the achievement appeals to be significant for the team or organization. Rewards may contain praise for team success, pay, time off and promotion etc. These outcomes are 'bestowed by people other than group members', and they 'do not include any benefits derived from within the group.'(Shea & Guzzo, 1987) Recognition is that 'individual contributions to the team and team contributions to the

Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness Term Paper

Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness - Term Paper Example Organizational change is primarily structural in character and it is designed to bring about alterations in organizational structure, methods, and processes. (Nilanjan, S et al,3 2006) Change is endemic to all organizations operating in business markets which involve improvements on current ways of doing things, of fine-tuning operations and implementing incremental changes on standard operating procedures. (Patrick D, and Constantine A, 2009)4 According to Whybrow (2007,p.5)5 it is necessary to act in times of immediate change, no matter how nasty it may seem or how much it impacts on staff or colleagues. In view of the changing nature of business and risks involved in it which is evident through the recession and economic depression occurring time and again challenging the business policies of the top leaders, change is necessary to face new challenges of every facet like accounting, technology, management, etc. There are certain factors that contribute to the change process in an organization like internal forces which include financial constraints, the need to do more with less, cross-functional teams, mergers and acquisitions, and empowered workers, etc. and external forces like new workforce demographics, changing expectations about quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction along with new technologies (APQC, 1999).6 The transformation of the bankrupt organization like Chrysler in 1970s to profitability which was possible due to the effective leadership of Iacocca, who revamped the internal politics and systems, changed the management structure, trimmed tens of thousands of employees, won concessions from UAW and transforming the company loser stigma of government bailout into positive cultural shift. It is pertinent to mention here that organizational change is triggered by an event which indicates the need for change like bankruptcy, in the case of Chrysler. However, it is assumed that change is followed by mixed reactions which provide positive i mpetus for change along with negative resistance from individuals and the organizations like technical systems, political systems and cultural systems (Pagan, 20087 and Rashid, Sambasivan & Rahman, 2003)8 The present paper discusses the role of culture and commitment to organizational change and provides some recommendation to maintain the commitment in the change process. Culture is often defined as that which is shared by and unique to a given organization or group and is an integrating mechanism, the social or normative glue that holds together a potentially diverse group of organizational members. (Warwick Organizational Behavior Staff, 2001, p.322)9 Smircich (cited in Iivari, n.d)10 analyzed different conceptions of organizational culture in relation to anthropological schools which have been conceived either as a variable or as a root metaphor for conceptualizing organization which is further divided into two areas: organizations have been regarded as cultures or having a cult ure. It is further mentioned that culture contributes to the overall balance and effectiveness of an organization.

Strengths Based Approaches for Case Management

Strengths Based Approaches for Case Management Harmandeep kaur Strength Based Model and Case Management Any hypotheses regarding support supply which emphasis on your specific skills as an alternative to some weakness. That product continues to be developed upon individual’s serious inner recourses in addition to talent. That product is actually extremely determined in addition to help others to identify their toughness in addition to were located appropriately. Throughout on-going therapy client participate within the actions of their retrieval which in turn pedals how in addition to pace regarding healing exertions. Your client along with the circumstance manager following finalizing this tactic upon client examine this development following talking about this achievements in addition to ups and downs. Every time a client is actually given refuge, the way it is manager carry on to supply assistance to fulfil this client’s wants. This may entail assisting the client locating expertise upon helpful or even work-related possibilities. Strength based model Talents centred train isn’t method of assistance that has a sturdy focus on the particular id of people’s capabilities. Interests as well as features as well as on the strengths as well as probable. Its a vital method of executing wants review as well as program coordination. Its a great empowering method of solutions that are fitted with in times past centred on deficits as well as issues within just people or perhaps persons desiring assistance. It prevents swearing, abusive as well as coarse terminology It focus adding wish in the persons into their people by concentrating precisely what continues to be productive as well as what will become. It focus on adding persons throughout esteem position based on his or her achievements as well as objectives. The â€Å"professional† member of staff is put in the role of companion as well as information. It tends to make persons positive as well as assist using constructive mind-set. People into their family’s effort are usually maximum so that it appears that theyre a vital portion not merely the particular standby. Communities are considered a vital supply somewhat which hampering. Working using strengths viewpoint calls for workers to be able to: To become devoted to admit to be able to power to learn develop as well as produce constructive change regarding on their own as well as their loved ones. Continues assist as well as accepting person. Mainly target â€Å"what’s strong†. Talents centered train can be consistent with the particular rights reasons discussed earlier. That may be, it can be features a focus on the particular equal rights of citizenship which disabled persons get. These kind of rights add the rights of usage of almost all assets alternatives as well as possibilities; the particular rights with the individuals to pick as well as immediate program supply to reinforce his or her existence; and also the right to try really hard to dwell as well as participate in identical towns while all others. Assessment: In order to assess the product emphasis should be offered in clients’ power and aptitudes. Therefore the involvement of the purchaser is critical. The actual clients need to overview their needs. Also as outlined by this simple fact, your product is quite versatile in order to men and women for the reason that multiplicity of the distinct situation. Then again yet again this type of product merely reassure your client to call home living since just what they desire and they also can certainly to ensure the infirmity section have been left which can be quite important within developing progress. Planning: In the analysis strategy must be produced depending on type strength it should stress upon clients aptitudes along with desires which client may stay their lifetime. Plus the strategy will be vary around period since over the treatment you along with the scenario boss ought to look at the modifications along with improvement which the client provides found and so the ambitions will be designed while using confidence along with the lifetime of accomplishment. Coordinating: Your energy primarily based models should excessive typical with the organising between client as well as the circumstance administrator. The situation administrator will to blame for your client skilled plans and also programs matching to the client’s issue it could possibly a lot of trusted while using the client’s thought processes and also specifications. Alternatively client need to be comprehending because supply as well as the effectiveness. In addition that the circumstance administrator must have a very frequent connection with your client and also willing to organize any deviations to be sure here is the plan can be completely right and also updated. Strengths and weaknesses of the strength based model: It truly is fully based on client wants in addition to abilities. Client should be encouraging in addition to sentimentally organized. Client should be self-assured. It is very virtuous towards the client’s emotional wellbeing. Furthermore, the particular client’s strengths tend to be effectively stored in addition to modern. ; however , yet again the particular feebleness associated with this type of style will also be easy to understand. It is because this type of style just issues concerning the energy so the weak point with the client may be unnoticed. Subsequently at numerous instances the particular weak point performs the particular focal a part of whether the treatments is effective or maybe low number of the particular feebleness can’t become created. Perspectives of the disability people: The actual energy based model is incredibly ideal for your weakened. To permit a client, your calculation have to be finished on the incapacitated different and therefore the realistic is designed will be created next to the evaluation and so successful approach will be decided out and about to control your aims and the prospect of the outcome may awareness be high. Detractors of the energy point of view advise that is in essence reframing troubles within the increased lighting. No one may grow whilst being persuaded that theyll fall. Summary of the expected outcomes for the disabled: For your power structured design, this anticipated outcomes can be which the emotionally and also in physical form wellbeing with the client can be helped and also numerous this laid in place can certainly cooperative very well for the modern society such as the normal individuals without having considerably emotional challenges. Throughout working out, your client might improvement certain gains with a dangerous and also gain a few conclusion very well compared to normal person. However incapacitated piece can’t end up being innovative. Case management Model Any co-operative lifetime of evaluation, setting up, getting rid of along with advocacy with regard to alternatives along with features which is function to encounter a individual’s holistic needs by means of communication along with accessible sources for you to inspire excellence cost-effective outcomes. Event Administration have been utilized to numerous worries with local community maintain this outdated, along with individuals with infirmity along with psychological health issues; vital wellbeing setting; personal injury managing along with insurance coverage affiliated areas; correctional companies; court docket devices; from the managing of long-lasting wellbeing predicaments; little one along with junior welfare; in danger populations in educational institutions; managed proper care along with occupation courses. The situation managing product requires this company provide a range of companies good inclusive evaluation that is utilized to development in instances or ev en ability tactic. The tactic is made in effort with the client along with displays their particular alternatives along with preferences. Event Managers give you the setting up along with skilled triumphs which gush from your specific setting, system along with client populace. But it surely is usually usual to name the following practice while central for you to Event Administration: testing, assessment/risk managing, proper care setting up, applying services design, monitoring/evaluation along with advocacy. Event managing comes from the us along with British mostly, along with had been a favorite services procedure for needs evaluation along with services coordination in wellbeing, thought health insurance and handicap companies from the later phases with the last hundred years. Its a matched tactic on behalf of individuals to aid these individuals to get the companies they want, whenever they have to have these individuals, along with provided they want these individuals. Some capabilities of scenario managing incorporate: Client recognition. Outreach. Service evaluation. Planning along with overseeing. Linking, referring or even brokering access to necessary companies. Advocating with regard to necessary companies for an specific. The supply of assistance for you to families along with significant others from the person’s atmosphere. Assistance in having a societal assistance system. The harder strenuous scenario managing products likewise incorporate this training along with teaching of societal expertise plus the managing of medicine, symptoms or even some other impairments. Combined with the benefits type of scenario managing, there are various of some other unique scenario managing products acknowledged by means of Solomon (1992), particularly: Rehabilitation product. Brokerage product. Clinical scenario managing. Assessment: However the scenario management type is usually a little similar towards strength primarily based products because they the two veneration this needs from the clients. Though the scenario management type increased exposure of this distractions from the client along with reassure those to exist on marketplace analysis successes so that the notion of coping with is usually gained through the entire community stage. As a result this particular type can also be while using client’s aptitudes in certain things and will preserve this client’s preceding life-style along with a energetic body-mind just as much as they can. But you will have many doable obstacles hid driving such as lowering from the client’s well-being circumstance or this undesirable weather conditions. Thus you will have many tentative conditions and so the reaching of company targets need a very long time along with patience. Planning: When comparing while using the strength based model, the truth administration model program is actually relatively set for the reason that client’s diversions and predilection are usually frequent. Depending on this particular a good expression program is actually exercised as well as the program are going to be hardly ever changed. Though the program seriously isnt quite detail due to the fact it’s only the optionally available positioning. Coordinating: The case management needs coordination between the exercise sponsor along with the client along with the relationships in between various client who take part in the particular undertakings. And also the sponsor also has to strategic the particular clients’ real understanding and other component much like the overall economy along with the climate etc ensure the particular design is manufactured in advance. Strengths and weaknesses of the case management model: Like the strength structured design, the situation administration design is usually very easy for being carried out given it is dependant on the actual precedence with the client’s on the undertakings in line with their own interests. This particular design is useful for both the internal in addition to physical advancement with the clients. However the weak spot can be that it is all to easy to possibly be persuaded through the delay factors like the normal problems as well as the client’s well-being situation in addition to any private things of each and every element. Also this specific design can’t possibly be up to date with the period going on combined with ageing as well as the decline with the client’s well-being. As a result right at the end, the client may perhaps dont have a skills to consider element or maybe the actual quality with the contribution will be lower. Perspectives of the disability people: The case management style will be carefully used in our life in addition to it’s an easy task to always be completed. This standpoint will be that style will probably be continuingly development in addition to boosted in the practice in general. Its going to play a respected position from the regaining as well as dealing with the particular infirmity issues. This achievable abilities in addition to hobbies will probably be discovered in the treatment from the handling therefore it will have any beneficial forthcoming with this style. Summary of the expected outcomes for the disabled: For your circumstance administration product, the client’s life is actually achieved as well as useful than before. Likewise this is very great for the emotional development much like the power primarily based product. And also will probably be a major participation towards the preparing of the products of the actual treatment method. However this product isnt great for acquiring a work for your client as well as you can easily help to make the client rely on people. Comparisons of the two models The energy structured model highlighting largely upon rising and invention your client’s strengths and skills and generates a technique according to this particular. Even so the case management model is a bit just like energy structured designs as they both equally take care your needs on the client. However the case management model related on the diversions on the client and assist them to sign up for general events so the purpose of cure will be finished through the local community occasion. Comparing while using energy structured model, the situation management model prepare is reasonably predetermined because the client’s hobbies and alternatives usually are continuous however the energy structured model is extremely versatile and maintain changing while using client’s predicament. The 2 designs also provide big difference while using managing element. The energy structured designs have to a higher level of managing between client as well as the case managem ent however the situation management model would like a superb partnership between pastime manager as well as the management and also the network amongst client. If your client have psychological goals we propose that they will simply select the energy structured model if the client contains the needs regarding actually need subsequently we’d better make use of the case management model for them. REFERENCES : Alliance for Children and Youth (2009) Strength-Based Approaches. Retrieved from: http://www.acywr.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/SBA-Backgrounder.pdf Human Services (2002) A Strength-Based Approach to Working with Youth and Families: A Review of Research retrieved from: http://humanservices.ucdavis.edu/academy/pdf/strength_based.pdf The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Training Program (2007) Charting the Course Towards permanency for Children in Pennsylvania: An Administrators Overview retrieved from: http://www.pacwcbt.pitt.edu/curriculum/CTCFrAdmnstrtrs/Hndts/HO8_StrngthsBsdSltnFcsdApprch.pdf Human Services (2002) A Strength-Based Approach to Working with Youth and Families: A Review of Research retrieved from: http://humanservices.ucdavis.edu/academy/pdf/strength_based.pdf Harmandeep kaur

Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge Essay -- Argumentat

Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge The main issue presented in my research involves the debate between environmentalists and the United States government on whether to open and develop a portion of the Artic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in the northern coastal plain of Alaska for the purpose of drilling for oil. Environmentalists argue that opening up this region of ANWR to future oil drilling would destroy the current ecosystems, disrupt animal habitats and adversely change the lives of the people in these local communities. Proponents of oil drilling in this region argue that all the issues presented by the environmentalist groups are not valid and they have no scientific facts to support their argument. Proponents of this issue point to the successful Prudhoe Bay oil exploration, which has produced nearly 13 billion barrels, or, 20 to 25 percent of the oil produced in the United States for the last 23 years. President George Bush recently indicated that he is renewing his campaign to open part of the Artic refu ge to oil exploration, contending that oil drilling is essential to the national security of the United States and would create jobs on a national and local level. George Bush supported his campaign by stating in a recent article â€Å"America is already using more energy then our domestic resources can provide and unless we act to increase our energy independence, our reliance of foreign sources of energy will only increase.† (w1) He also indicated from the same article saying â€Å"Alaskans know firsthand that modern technology allows us to bring oil to the surface cleanly and safely, while protecting our environment and wildlife.† (w2) His proposed energy plan also includes modernizing other energy del... ...ANWR based on geologic surveys. This oil discovery would greatly reduce our dependency for foreign oil supply, create jobs on a national and local level and put more money in the local economics by the increase in the tax base for Alaska. It appears based on the data I accumulated that with the newest technology in oil development would allow the oil to be brought to the surface and distributed in a clean and safe manner. If the people of the coastal plain are not affected negatively by oil development and the wildlife can co-exist in a positive manner then I would support future oil development in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge. Bibliography W3 : www.anwr.org www.alaskawild.org Reuters: by Steve Holland â€Å"Bush says U.S. Needs to Drill for oil in Alaska.† Sat. Feb 23,2002 Taken from www.story.news.yahoo.com W1 & W2: www.foxnews.com www.bushnews.com

CST & the Criminal Justice System Essay

â€Å"I am convinced that imprisonment is a way of pretending to solve the problem of crime. It does nothing for the victims of crime, but perpetuates the idea of retribution, thus maintaining the endless cycle of violence in our culture. It is a cruel and useless substitute for the elimination of those conditions–poverty, unemployment, homelessness, desperation, racism, and greed–which are at the root of most punished crime. The crimes of the rich and powerful go mostly unpunished.† (Howard Zinn) This quote simplifies my evolved awareness of the issue concerning crime and the criminal justice system has grown. Beginning this unit I had a basic understanding of crime around the world but had almost zero knowledge about the criminal justice system and as we move on throughout this unit I was completely shocked with the some of the things going on in this very corrupt system. Just through the first activity, California Peace Officers Association: California Prisons Under Pressure, the information presented to me that the flaws of this justice system was in the way it was structured, mainly that jails are overcrowded and understaffed. Also more money is put in jails than education because of the increasing rate of inmates year by year. This activity helped me realize that prisons are very flawed and this impacts the issue of crime and criminal justice system greatly. Another very surprising activity was the PBS Frontline: Case for Innocence, which showed how inmates may be wrongly convicted through false evidence and even DNA such as in the case of Earl Washington who spent almost 18 years in prison because he was falsely charged for murder of a 19 year old girl in Culpepper, Virginia soon to be released because of the lack of evidence in the case to prove him guilty. Stories like these tend to happen more than often because the carelessness put in looking through cases by police officers and even the jury. Also year-by-year the system receives higher and higher advancements in technology, which can be a factor in determining the innocence of a victim accused. After being introduced to the horrible system of justice we talk more about specific reasons of arrests such as child abuse, which is one of the main issues that occur within inmates today. It was very surprising to see that an estimated annual cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 was $124 billion, which is something that needs to be dealt with in the near future. Child abuse showed that it may be on of the contributing causes to why many inmates are stuck in prison today, statistics shows that children who face child abuse and neglect are more likely to be involved in criminal activities. This was one of the most surprising statistics that I came across because it showed one of the root causes to why the jail system is overcrowded and this is an issue that can be addressed. We need to regulate more the issue of child abuse because these children are left defenseless such as Emma was to her mother’s boyfriend. Many of these activities showed the structural flaws within the criminal justice system and the crime that occur within the United States but later as we got into more about the death penalty my views on this topic changed greatly. My opinion at first towards the death penalty was that if the crime was gruesome enough then the person should also pay through being put to death but after watching â€Å"Dead Man Walking† my opinion on this issue completely changed. It showed me that through counseling and programs showed in the movie, the inmate could truly change for the better. And that we should move forward in the direction of helping rehabilitate the inmate rather than using the death penalty because it is not only expensive but in affective towards the long term goal of living in a progressive and harmonious society. One very positive way to lead us to this society is through restorative justice, which has made a huge positive impact throughout the United States. Restorative justice programs are very affective in places such as prisons and even schools, where we’ve seen the decrease in violence and alternatives to suspension from school such as a face to face supplement which is seen as a much better solution and more affective in high schools. I was very happy to see the restorative justice programs being such a huge success and a step towards fixing the criminal justice system problem. Another great step that is occurring is with the Catholic Church and their movement into stopping the death penalty which is another great way to dealing with the situation through responsibility, restoration, and rehabilitation. The idea of the death penalty seemed completely wrong to me after reading a story from the Murder Victim’s Families for Reconciliation where a women lost her brother but didn’t want to death penalty placed on her brother’s murderer but to put him in counseling programs because an added death wouldn’ t have solved anything. And seeing the forgiveness and the logic behind this woman’s thinking I saw that the death penalty isn’t an affective way of solving a problem basically a way of â€Å"pretending to solve the problem of crime.† Every single activity and experience throughout this course of this unit was very powerful and influential in developing my awareness and understanding from knowing a few very small facts about the criminal justice system to now a vast majority of statistics and information about this system. Throughout this unit we’ve seen many structural flaws with the death penalty throughout the policies, laws, and institutions presented to us in all the online resources. Some of these flaws are proximate and some are distal. One main flaw we see in the presentation of the death penalty is that is it racially biased. Since 1977 race has been a huge factor when deciding upon the decision if one is guilty or innocent, statistics show that more people have been exe cuted for killing white victims than for killing black victims. The death penalty is also corrupt because it claims innocent lives due to lack of evidence of their wrongful conviction and it is not a deterrent. One of the most important flaws that regards is that the death penalty costs is much more expensive and takes away from other areas in the criminal justice system such as improving the jail systems. This has shown to be more of a huge downfall rather than a improving the criminal justice by implementing the death penalty. The death penalty is still more expensive than alternative sentences, and with counseling that inmate can be rehabilitated. The death penalty is less affective and unnecarsily expensive. We also see that the death penalty looks past issues such as mental illness, these flaws are just the proximate flaws we see in the criminal justice system. There are also many distal causes to the structural flaws we see in the criminal justice system such as poverty, unemployment, homelessness, racism, and greed, which are most likely the reason for most crimes occurring. Because the lack of resources to help each and every one of the these topics the cycle of crime continues to r epeat itself over and over again mainly punishing the same people for the same crimes that they continuously commit. Another huge flaw is the mindset the corrupt government has about the criminal if that crime is committed by a poor, unemployed person the sentencing is twice and more than if a rich and powerful person committed that crime. And again, using the death penalty doesn’t quickly solve any problems in the long term but actually hurts the United States. Through the restorative justice systems we can see a great improvement and slowly we can accomplish decreasing the number of inmates in prison. If someone goes through counseling and rehab there are less likely to repeat the actions in the past that got them in the situation in the first place. Whereas, the death penalty costs so much more and killing someone isn’t going to solve anything. Through structural analysis we can conclude that the criminal justice system is greatly flawed and we need to come together as a nation and help improve the current conditions of this system. The Catholic views on issues and actions regardin g crime and the criminal justice greatly conflict with my newfound views on crime and the criminal justice system. The idea of teaching right from wrong, respecting life and the law, forgiveness and mercy is very good way to address this huge issue. The Church provides the idea that â€Å"society must protect† its citizen from crime and punish the ones who break the law, which is a great way to help this issue through various ways such as workshops for parents and counseling for anyone who is struggle in this system. This will help solve the problem early on and give the children and other young people a chance in life from committed those mistakes they may have committed without the help of these programs. One great idea is the â€Å"option for the poor and vulnerable† because the factor of financial issues throughout society is a distal cause to people landing themselves in prisons. People who don’t have the right resources from their childhood tend to look towards crime for various reasons. Proper nutrition, shelter, health care, and protection can be one of the many ways of helping these people to move away from crime. And the Church is doing a great job to address this issue and fulfilling the needs of those who need it through charity and advocacy. These two ideas that the Church has presented are very important surrounding our system of retributive justice. From the policy recommendations the most important to the least important would be protecting society from those who threaten life, inflict harm, take property, and destroy the bonds of community, promote serious efforts toward crime prevention and poverty reduction, challenging the culture of violence and encouraging a culture of life, rejecting simplistic solutions such as three strikes and you’re out and right mandatory sentencing, offering victims the opportunity to participate more fully in the criminal justice process, encouraging innovative programs of restorative justice that provide the opportunity for mediation between victims and offenders and offer restitutions for crimes committed, insisting that punishment has a constructive and rehabilitative purpose, making a serious commitment to confront the pervasive role of addiction and mental illness in crime, e ncouraging spiritual healing and renewal for those who commit crime, treating immigrants justly, and finally placing crime in a community context and building on promising alternatives that empower neighborhoods and towns to restore a sense of security. The first policy I chose was because I agree with the idea of protecting people from violence and crime, if they aren’t expose to it then they are less likely to be involved with things related to violence and crime. Everyone should be able to live in a setting without fear and be able to grow up feeling safe. And when being punished their needs to be a purpose and the punishment needs to be helpful in shaping the person back to the right path in society. The second policy was chosen because the efforts toward crime prevention and poverty reduction are key factors in helping the criminal justice system. Factors such as poverty and discrimination are huge reasons why inmates land themselves in jail and if we can stop this early on through poverty reduction and other programs we can stop these problems early on rather than after the crime is committed. Educating, supporting, and fighting poverty are key aspects in stopping the crime that is going on today. The last policy that was chosen is rejecting right mandatory sentencing; we should do everything to make sure that the punishment fits the crime. Every crime should be analyzed thoroughly and given a punishment regarding that crime and not a solution that is given to every crime because of what is stated. Every crime is different under different circumstances and we should not just take the easy route and remove the criminal from society until they are no longer a danger to us. These policies are very important in implementing through the Church to help the issue of the flawed criminal justice system to be fixed. In conclusion, my understanding of crime and the criminal justice system has greatly evolved in many ways through the activities and experiences we went through in this unit. Two major CST themes that were greatly presented through this unit were Rights and Duties and Common Good. We’ve seen that many people end up in jail because they don’t have the basic necessities to get by day to day which tend to cause them to look towards crime, Right and Duties states that â€Å"every human has the right to basic material to live a decent life.† Also we see Common Good playing a role in this unit, through the restorative programs we see the changes made by the inmates and how provide with the right teachings, these criminals can really change and benefit the community. Many things that were presented greatly surprised me and made me want to be more involved with this issue because it is a social mission to help the problem within the criminal justice system. Social action is key to help in trying to one day get more restorative programs and help abolish the death penalty for good because two wrongs don’t make a right. In the end I would personally get rid of the death penalty not only because it is expensive and ineffective but because research has greatly shown that through counseling and advocacy programs the inmates gain much more than being put to death. Not only do the inmates benefit from this but also society in general will greatly benefit from these programs because the inmates will come out given a second chance and be positive impacts to the community around them and lead the United States in a more progressive and harmonious society.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet and Newspaper Advertising

Advantages & disadvantages of Internet and newspaper advertising The Internet and newspapers are considered two of the five traditional types of media used for advertising. The others are television, radio and magazines. Each medium has advantages and disadvantages that are considered when selection of the best media for advertising messages is made. The Internet and newspapers are both useful media for advertising when they effectively convey your message to the right audience. Internet Advertising Advantages The Internet is the newest of the traditional media.A main advantage of Internet advertising is its affordability as an advertising medium. Typically, you pay for your ad based on the number of people it reaches. Audience selectivity is another major benefit as you can pinpoint specific audiences by site. Tracking results of Internet ads is also a strength. Online sites have great tracking tools to track unique visitors, visits, page views and impressions on the pages your ads are on. Versatility is another advantage. You can place banner ads of various sizes, pop-up ads, text ads and streaming audio and video ads. Internet Advertising DisdvantagesLimited click-through rates are a burden with Internet advertising. People often ignore banner ads and avoid pop-up ads and other online ad types. Uncertainty with what works through online advertising is a significant disadvantage as well. As the newest of the traditional media types, Internet advertising is still evolving. Technology, such as pop-up ad blockers, helps web users avoid pop up ads. In some cases, the audience on the website controls their exposure to the ad, such as with streaming audio and video, and the need to click through an ad to see the full message.Newspaper Advertising Advantages Timeliness is a major advantage of newspaper advertising relative to many other media types. You can often drop a newspaper ad off a day or two before it runs in the paper. Newspapers are excellent for geographi c targeting as well. Local businesses make regular use of local newspapers to target a local geographic market. State, regional and national newspapers offer broader geographic opportunities. Credibility is another strength of newspapers relative to other media. People often perceive that since the ads are near fact or news-based content, they are more believable.Newspaper Advertising Disdvantages Newspapers have a short life. Relative to magazines, newspaper ads have limited potential for ongoing exposure as they are often recycled or thrown out after initial reading. Reproduction quality also affects the print quality, especially in the latter part of a production run. You also have limited ability to target segmented markets through newspapers. While geographic targeting is an advantage, you have to pay for the newspaper's audience regardless of who fits into your market segment.

5 Ways to Use Article Writers for Hire to Improve Your Studies

5 Ways to Use Article Writers for Hire to Improve Your Studies 5 Ways to Use Article Writers for Hire to Improve Your Studies No one ever said that college is easy. Sure, there are likely a number of classes which you excel at – the things that you’re passionate about – but when you’re expected to master a wide range of subjects, keeping up with everything can be a real challenge. That’s because going to class, studying, and fulfilling all of your other social, professional, and academic obligations, it’s easy to find yourself running out of time on a regular basis. But while some students begin to fall behind from all of their responsibilities, others seek out article writers for hire to help provide the extra boost they need to stay on top of their classwork. How exactly can these professional article writers help you learn? Here are a few great examples: Assignment Topics For many students, the most difficult part of any writing assignment is getting started. If you have an important project due but don’t even know where to begin, you may be surprised to find out that you can hire article writers to help you brainstorm unique and innovative topics to write about. Essay Types and Structures Wouldn’t it be easier if all college essays followed the same format and structure? Regrettably though, there are numerous types of essays and as a student you’re often expected to know them all. From argumentative to narrative, if you need someone to explain the different essay types and structures, consider an article writer for hire. Model Paper Writing Maybe you need even more guidance – or perhaps you’re in a serious last-minute time crunch. Whatever the case, article writers for hire can come up with model papers for you to use as a basis for your own papers. They aren’t writing your paper for you, but they are providing a fully comprehensive example to help you along your way. Academic Writing Style Boost Nothing is more frustrating than writing an amazing paper but having points taken away because you didn’t properly follow academic-style writing guidelines. If a little assistance helps you convey more of an academic tone in your essays, there are plenty of article writers ready to help. Proofreading Services No matter how good of a writer you are, everyone makes mistakes. Even if you’ve created excellent content and followed the style guide every step of the way, your grade is going to suffer if your writing contains grammatical errors. Hiring an article writer to proofread your papers gives you an extra set of eyes to catch any minor errors before turning your assignments in. If you’ve been tackling all of your writing assignments on your own, it may be time for you to step back, take a break, and ask for a little assistance. Too often, students think that article writers for hire are just there to write sample papers for them – but that couldn’t be further from the truth. They can help you improve your school work in a number of different ways, from assisting you in coming up with topics to proofreading your final work once it’s done, and just about everything in-between.

Free Essays on Struggles

Katheren Millet once said â€Å"Because of our social circumstances, the male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different.† Women our constantly at odds with themselves to be treated and respected like men. Males struggle to find peace within themselves and handle the stress of being a male. Society expects certain standards from both men and women that are not always the right things to follow for people to feel at peace with themselves. This causes the never ending struggle we as a society face to be happy in our own lives. Women have fought for equal rights and jobs and to be treated as a man since the beginning of time. Women in the beginning were just a source of carrying on life. They were there to give birth and that was it. Women have always tried to prove themselves to men, hoping to be as worthy of respect as men seem to be. Because a society has taught women to feel like they have to be on a man’s standard, we are forcing a society to be something that they aren’t. Girls today are being forced in so many directions to try and become what is considered the right and proper way for a girl to act.â€Å"It is feminist women who write and edit books and magazines for teen girls. It is feminist women who hacve fought for abortion rights and the end to parental consent laws for girls. It is feminst women who have championed the right of girls to be as sexually free as boys. In short, these older women are the authors of the girlhood project. Are they now the right parties to repair the damage done?† (Whitehead, 375) Whitehead discusses here how ridiculous it is and sounds for a girl to be taught to be exactly what guys should not be. Just because male standards allow things that should not really be allowed by a society does not mean that for there to be equality a woman must also behave in those ways. Men also have standards that they must live up to as a society. A man is t... Free Essays on Struggles Free Essays on Struggles Katheren Millet once said â€Å"Because of our social circumstances, the male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different.† Women our constantly at odds with themselves to be treated and respected like men. Males struggle to find peace within themselves and handle the stress of being a male. Society expects certain standards from both men and women that are not always the right things to follow for people to feel at peace with themselves. This causes the never ending struggle we as a society face to be happy in our own lives. Women have fought for equal rights and jobs and to be treated as a man since the beginning of time. Women in the beginning were just a source of carrying on life. They were there to give birth and that was it. Women have always tried to prove themselves to men, hoping to be as worthy of respect as men seem to be. Because a society has taught women to feel like they have to be on a man’s standard, we are forcing a society to be something that they aren’t. Girls today are being forced in so many directions to try and become what is considered the right and proper way for a girl to act.â€Å"It is feminist women who write and edit books and magazines for teen girls. It is feminist women who hacve fought for abortion rights and the end to parental consent laws for girls. It is feminst women who have championed the right of girls to be as sexually free as boys. In short, these older women are the authors of the girlhood project. Are they now the right parties to repair the damage done?† (Whitehead, 375) Whitehead discusses here how ridiculous it is and sounds for a girl to be taught to be exactly what guys should not be. Just because male standards allow things that should not really be allowed by a society does not mean that for there to be equality a woman must also behave in those ways. Men also have standards that they must live up to as a society. A man is t...

What to Do If You Make a Mistake While Voting

What to Do If You Make a Mistake While Voting With all the different types of voting machines now in use and requirements in effect across the United States, voters often make mistakes while voting. What happens if you change your mind while voting, or you accidentally vote for the wrong candidate? No matter what type of voting machine you are using, carefully check your ballot to make sure you have voted as you intended to vote. As soon as you discover you have made a mistake, or if you have a problem with the voting machine, immediately ask a poll worker for help. Get a Poll Worker to Help You If you polling place uses paper ballots, punch card ballots or  optical scan ballots, the poll worker will be able to take your old ballot and give you a new one. An election judge will either destroy your old ballot on the spot or place it in a special ballot box designated for damaged or incorrectly marked ballots. These ballots will not be counted and will be destroyed after the election has been declared official. You Can Correct Some Voting Errors Yourself If your polling place uses a paperless computerized or lever-pull voting booth, you can correct your ballot yourself. In a lever operated voting booth, simply put the one lever back where it was and pull the lever you really want. Until you pull the big lever that opens the voting booth curtain, you can continue to use the voting levers to correct your ballot. On computerized, touch screen voting systems, the computer program should provide you with options for checking and correcting your ballot. You can continue to correct you ballot until you touch button on the screen saying that you have finished voting. Remember, if you have any problems or questions while voting, ask a poll worker for help. What Are the Most Common Voting Mistakes? Voting for more than one person for a single office. If you do this, your vote for that office will not be counted.Not voting for the candidate you think you are voting for. This happens most often when the voting machine uses a booklet showing the voter two pages of names and offices at the same time. The names often lineup in confusing ways. Read carefully and follow the arrows printed on the pages of the booklet.Not following instructions. For example, circling a candidates name, rather than filling in the little circle next to their name. Mistakes like this can result in your vote not being counted.Not voting for some offices. Going through the ballot too quickly can cause you to accidentally skip some candidates or issues you really wanted to vote for. Go slowly, and be sure to check your ballot. You are not, however, required to vote in all races or on all issues. What About Absentee and Mail-In  Voting Mistakes? While all states now allow some form of mail-in voting, 22 states currently allow certain elections to be conducted entirely by mail. In three of those states- Oregon, Washington, and Colorado- all elections are conducted entirely by mail.   About 1 in 5 Americans now vote absentee, or by mail, in national elections. However, the U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) reported that more than 250,000 absentee ballots were rejected and not counted in the 2012 midterm congressional election. Worse yet, says the EAC, the voters might never know their votes were not counted or why. And unlike mistakes made at the polling place, mistakes in mail-in voting can rarely if ever be corrected once the ballot has been mailed. According to the EAC, the main reason mail-in ballots are rejected is that they were not returned on time. Other common, but easy to avoid mail-in voting mistakes include: Forgetting to sign the ballot envelope, as required.Not putting the ballot in the envelope before mailing it back.Using the wrong envelope.The voter had already voted in personThe signatures on the ballot and the envelope do not match. While all states provide some means of correcting mistakes on mail-in ballots- usually before they are mailed- the procedures for doing so vary from state-to-state and sometimes, from county-to-county.   Does Voting by Mail Increase Voter Turnout? Advocated of mail-in voting argue that it increases overall voter turnout and helps voters become better informed. While the argument of higher turnout seems logical, research conducted by EAC reveals this is not always the case. Mail-in voting does not increase turnout in presidential and gubernatorial general elections. In fact, turnout in mail-in only ballot precincts can be as much as 2.6 to 2.9 percentage points lower compared to turnout at walk-in polling places.Voters who cast mail-in ballots are more likely to skip lower-profile or â€Å"downticket† races.On the other hand, voting by mail tends to increase voter turnout in local special elections by an average of 7.6 percentage points. According to the EAC, mail-in voting also results in lower election costs, reduced incidents of voter fraud, and fewer barriers to voting for disabled persons.

Anorexia Nervosa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anorexia Nervosa - Essay Example The patient thinks that he/she should not eat because if he/she does, he/she would gain weight and ruin his/her looks consequentially. Methods commonly employed to lose weight include but are not limited to excessive exercise, dieting, and medication. Anorexia Nervosa means "nervous loss of appetite". This definition is not particularly good since it is based on misunderstandings. The people who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa do not at all have lack of appetite, they are only scared of putting on weight. Anorexia nervosa was first explained in 1684, though it was not determined with its own diagnosis until 1870 (Gehlin, 2008). Birth of this new health disorder generated was associated with the changes that took place in society over the centuries. Young women began to idealize extremely slim and smart women. Slimness became the measure of beauty, and to be called beautiful, a woman had to be necessarily thin. Much of the history of anorexia nervosa is shaped by the looks conscious cult ure. That is the reason why anorexia nervosa is more common today than it has ever been in the past. Another evidence for the role of culture in the spread of anorexia nervosa is that a vast majority of the victims of this disease are models from the fashion industry, which sets the trends for people to follow in general. In the contemporary age, to be thin is to be fashionable. Media advocates slimness. Various slimming techniques are employed to achieve the ideal figure, the unsuitable ones of which lead to such eating disorders as anorexia nervosa. In addition to the belief that slimness is something to take pride in, the immense reliance upon the technology in the modern age reduces the body’s need to consume food as no energy is wasted in doing things manually. Media is ingrained in the life of an individual living in the modern era. Media’s emphasis on exercise and fitness naturally inculcates an urge to become smart, and the eating habits accordingly developed i ncrease the individual’s susceptibility to acquiring anorexia nervosa. Media’s influence upon society has made anorexia nervosa an important community issue. Treating the patient of anorexia nervosa requires the community health nurse to exhibit a unique and enhanced level of health care. The community health nurse needs to be more of a counselor than a regular health care provider. In order to start the treatment, the patient needs to be made aware of the fact that he/she is ill, both physically and mentally as the patients usually deny having any disorder at all. Most patients do not opt for the treatment unless the case becomes extremely obvious and dangerously severe. Healthypeople.gov is an organization that sets up healthy objectives for our nation. Some of the objectives identified by Healthypeople.gov (n.d.) for 2020 are 1. Increasing the adolescent population that takes part in the out-of-school and extracurricular activities. 2.  

History of United States Presidents considered Internationalists Essay

History of United States Presidents considered Internationalists - Essay Example History of United States Presidents considered Internationalists Financial depressions always lead to economic deteriorations associated with collapse of several sectors of developments. Any leader who uses his government position to revert such financial depressions is termed an internationalist. There are a number of people termed internationalists in the world. However, some of the good examples of internationalists include Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt who were all the United States of America’s Presidents. It is important to note that although Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt were all internationalists with the goal of increasing the US role in the world, they sought to achieve this in different ways. This paper is going to support this generalization by examining the different ways in which each of the presidents worked to increase the United States influence and powers abroad. Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most cherished internationalists. Theodore was an American president from the period of 1901 to 1909 and had several achievements during his tenure. Roosevelt was a visionary leader, a pragmatic leader as well as a true democrat who understood the plights of humanity in various measures. This president was a reformer but not a revolutionist (Oakes et al, 631, paragraph 1-5). He strongly believed in values of democracy, efficiency as well as social justice to all people worldwide.

Reed market case analyze Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reed market analyze - Case Study Example The new items on display at DG seem to be compatible with the technological trends within the market of such goods. However, Reed has not yet considered this option and is still also doing business the old way despite many suggestions posed by management. The other problem lies in the level of customer loyalty. The level of loyal customers keep going down and the supermarket has lacked the capacity and means to retain attracted customers since it does not have a well thought out procedure for ensuring that customers who come shopping actually keep coming whenever a shopping need arises. This could also be attributed to the fact that many retail chains have sprung up and are offering better services. The growth of private label merchants seem to give Reed a big headache considering that it mainly depended on the branded items which now find little appreciation within the market. This is one of the tools that new entrants into the market are trying to implement successfully. The consumers in this locality and whole of America have become health conscious and would not go for the traditionally sold goods which are thought to affect their health status. Reed has not implemented a food retail store that caters for the changing food needs of its customers while other chains are doing so. The pricing model for Reed seems to get it in trouble since it happens to have higher prices as compared to Aldi and DG, which is actually reducing the sales of Reed. This issue has also been compounded by the fact that Reed is poorly located and access by many customers is limited as compared to other stores. The above issues and more to be identified have made it hard for Reed to keep its shares growing and instead they keep dwindling (Quelch and Carlson1-12). The 14% market share held by Reed in Columbus is not enough. If it could adjust and find new ways of doing business,

THE MEXICAN MURALISTS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE MEXICAN MURALISTS - Assignment Example This resulted in feelings of hostility between the upper and the lower or middle class. This hostility later grew into ultimate animosity towards the upper class and anything even related to the upper class. Between 1923 and 1928, Diego Rivera was appointed to create murals and many researchers believe that it was Rivera’s art which set the foundations for the Mexican Muralist Movement. (Magazine, n.d.) In 1910, Mexico was in despair due to the dictatorship of President Porfirio Diaz. Vast majority was suffering from impoverishment and poverty. The Muralist Movement originally served as the mouthpiece to represent the vision and history of ideology of the government. Later on, it depicted the struggle of the lower and working class against the oppression. This movement was led by three artists, Diego Rivera, Josà © Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros who later came to be referred to as, Los Tres Grande which means â€Å"the three great ones†. They formed the Labor Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors and dedicated their art and murals to express the Mexican history and the opinions of the society. The Los Tres Grande used the traditional form of fresco painting and displayed their murals in the public places, which they regarded as the most convenient avenue to communicate to the public. (Flores, 2014) Orozco, Siqueiros and Rivera were analogous in many aspects but they all had very diverse approach in their art and motivation styles. Orozco had a European style of expression and he was broadly influenced by symbolism.

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Personal Statement - Essay Example My interest in law stems from the fact the law seems to be a living, breathing, and ever evolving part of human life and our ever changing society. Laws of the past often get amended and rewritten in order to fit better into the needs of the new generation. Such examples can be seen in the way that our laws have changed pertaining to immigration, capital punishment, and even medical law related concerns. I saw these examples come to life as I participated in the Global Youth Leader Conference in the US. Cases such as the hugely controversial MegaUpload shutdown have gotten me to thinking about how our international laws become muddled by the advent of the internet and country laws are no longer limited to simply their home country for enforcement. This is a judicial controversy that I have frowned upon for some time now as I believe it shows the lack of respect on the part of international law enforcement for the individuals who are citizens of autonomous countries. Aside from an interest in technology related judicial questions, I am also quite interested in fighting for the human rights of those who cannot speak for themselves. People such as Terri Schiavo have served as an inspiration to me in terms of the legal question of the right to die. She had lived a long, but suffering life filled with artificial methods of prolonging life while our judicial system played God and decided who had the right to order her death or if that was the proper action to take. The legal questions within the 11 court cases pertaining to the aforementioned case has always fascinated me and I have always wanted to have an opportunity to study the case on a more scrutinized basis and hopefully, help to repeal â€Å"Terris Law† as it allows the government too much power to decide in what should always remain a personal, family matter. Throughout my life, my legal mind has been influenced by the work

School Board Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Board Policies - Essay Example While schools should not appear to be fortresses, some sort of perimeter security might have alerted school officials. Finally, the matter of internal campus security is impacted by these events. While teachers and students acted very bravely to prevent loss of life, there was no â€Å"lock-down† procedure in place. What follows is a section on proactive planning for a violent emergency, and one about attenuating the possibility of such an occurrence through counseling or anonymous reporting schemes. In terms of policy actions, all of this is good; but none of it would have prevented the Red Lake incident. A crisis document that included a lockdown procedure might have saved some lives; and a policy of mentoring or other intervention in the lives of youth who exhibit anti-social behavior at school might have made an impact on Jeff Wise. At the school board policy level, however, there is a severe limitation when an individual decides to arm himself, crash onto campus in a police vehicle, and start shooting. The question for the writers of policy will be the balance between security and freedom. If we put a military-style, guarded perimeter around schools that are festooned with security personnel and no privacy at all for the students, the probability of another school shooting incident will certainly go down. The cost of that assurance will be high, however, as our children learn to fear everything and everybody.

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Personal Statement - Essay Example My interest in law stems from the fact the law seems to be a living, breathing, and ever evolving part of human life and our ever changing society. Laws of the past often get amended and rewritten in order to fit better into the needs of the new generation. Such examples can be seen in the way that our laws have changed pertaining to immigration, capital punishment, and even medical law related concerns. I saw these examples come to life as I participated in the Global Youth Leader Conference in the US. Cases such as the hugely controversial MegaUpload shutdown have gotten me to thinking about how our international laws become muddled by the advent of the internet and country laws are no longer limited to simply their home country for enforcement. This is a judicial controversy that I have frowned upon for some time now as I believe it shows the lack of respect on the part of international law enforcement for the individuals who are citizens of autonomous countries. Aside from an interest in technology related judicial questions, I am also quite interested in fighting for the human rights of those who cannot speak for themselves. People such as Terri Schiavo have served as an inspiration to me in terms of the legal question of the right to die. She had lived a long, but suffering life filled with artificial methods of prolonging life while our judicial system played God and decided who had the right to order her death or if that was the proper action to take. The legal questions within the 11 court cases pertaining to the aforementioned case has always fascinated me and I have always wanted to have an opportunity to study the case on a more scrutinized basis and hopefully, help to repeal â€Å"Terris Law† as it allows the government too much power to decide in what should always remain a personal, family matter. Throughout my life, my legal mind has been influenced by the work

Letter to Friend Congratulating on Sucess Essay Example for Free

Letter to Friend Congratulating on Sucess Essay It gives me great pleasure that you have topped the list of successful candidates in the Board Examination. It is all the more delightful to learn that you have secured distinction in all the subjects and in Mathematics you have secured 99% marks. Your grand success is a matter of pride for your family, friends, teachers and our school as well. It is, in fact, the result of your hard work and dedication, sacrifice and concentration. You have been very consistent all along your studies. You never ignored your studies. It has paid well now. Indeed, it is a moment of celebration particularly for your parents who have been very careful for all your needs and comforts. This success has opened up the door to various opportunities for your career. You can get admission in any of the good colleges in India. A bright future awaits you. Your bright success has secured your career. Again my heartiest congratulations on the happy occasion I am confident you will maintain this performance in future. Keep upthespiritand be careful to your health and performance. We will met soon to have a treat. With lots of good wishes for a bright future. Yours sincerely, Rishika My Dear Pramod, I am glad to see your result in today’s Rakasthan Patrika. Your outstanding performance in the RAS examination has secured you a good rank. I conveyed this happy news to my father who was sitting beside me. He too was overjoyed. I thank god for his kindness and wish you a bright future. You have been intelligent and diligent in your school and college days. Certainly, your success is due to god’s grace as well as your hard work and timely guidance of your respected parents. Keep it up! You will be of great asset to your family and more over to this nation. Please guide your sister also to overcome her IAS examinations which are due in November. Please convey my respectful compliments to your parents. Again, congratulations to you! Yours sincerely, Raj Kumar

Development of Electronic Media in the Mauritius

Development of Electronic Media in the Mauritius CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.0 Chapter Overview This opening chapter introduces the study by examining the background and historical perspective of the development of the Electronic media use worldwide and in Mauritius. The emergence of the phenomenon of electronic media addiction is introduced, and then brought into focus as it is beginning to affect electronic media users around the world, including Mauritius. Next, the aims and objectives of study and the research questions are identified. The chapter concludes with the research questions and the scope of the study. 1.1 Background of the study According to Huesmann (2007) electronic media has become a common fashion today, especially among college students. One of the most remarkable changes in our society in the 20th century and 21st centuries has been the saturation of our culture and day-to-day lives by the electronic media. In this new generation radio, television, movies, videos games, video, cell phones, and computer networks have took on principal roles in our children’s daily lives. Electronic media improve the general knowledge by giving us with information all around the world. News transmit through different electronic media make it easier for us know about the day-to-day events in the world. News, tele ­films and documentaries revolving around social issues improve a social perception in teenagers and increase their concern towards societal environment. Electronic media also contribute to the enhancement of our language, knowledge and vocabulary. It is now a general truth that T.V and other means of electronic media is a strong source of not only giving information but also teach and satisfy the masses. Jennifer (2008) and Azeez et al. (2014) have found that research has proven that television has had either positive or negative impacts. Electronic media can be described as those communication which is based on technology or electromechanical means of production and most often differentiated from print media Berkowitz and Rawlings (1963), Azeez et al (2014). The main electronic sources used by public normally comprise television, radio, sound recordings, video recordings and internet. It can be found that there are four basic functions of electronic media which generally include to inform, satisfy, teach and most important to influence public opinion (students). They also stated that the 20th century is heavily influenced by communication technology. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first decade of this century. The radio broadcast began in 1920s while TV entered in the world in 1940s, followed by cable television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the personal computer gave access to internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks through World Wide Web by 1990s. Many benefits are connected with electronic media use, such access to needed information, international access to news and events, and interpersonal communication through email. But, along with the phenomenal expansion of the electronic media, there has been increasing concern internationally about the dangers related with electronic media over-use and becoming addicted to it (Buchholz, 2009; Daily News, 2008, 2009; Fackler, 2008; Janta, 2008; Khaosod, 2007; The Associated Press, 2009; Wanajak, 2011). A possible risk of using these new forms of media technology is also beginning to appear. Majority students are becoming too addicted to it and is having an impact on their academic performance, cyberbullying, sexting, becoming aggressive, becoming victims of aggression, insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality among students, and health problem such as affecting overall diet quality. Specially, increasing numbers of adolescents are becoming victims of aggression committed by peers wit h this new technology as cited in David-Ferdon and Hertz (2007). Examples comprise adolescents creating Web sites or sending e-mail or text messages that are meant to humiliate or harass a peer and/or to threaten physical harm called cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be defined as bullying that occurs using electronic technology which contains devices and items such as mobile phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication instruments containing social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites. Examples of cyberbullying contain emails or mean text messages, rumors sent by email or posted on social networking sites, and humiliating pictures, clips, internet sites, or imposter accounts. Moreover, according Mr Ismael Bawamea an â€Å"enqueteur du bureau† at the Ombudsperson for Children Office in Mauritius, these offenders usually use SMS, e-mail, chat rooms and Facebook and social networking sites to spread their message. â€Å"Parents think they are observing thei r children effectively online, but according to an ICSF study, which is carried out in Mauritius, it has been found that less than 10% of parents monitored the websites,† says Mr Ismael Bawamea. â€Å"Without the necessary measure to ensure child protection online, children in Mauritius face massive dangers†, he indicated (Defi News, 2011). Researcher has collected over the past half century that exposure to violence on television, movies, and, most recently, in video games grows the risk of deviant behavior. According to the researchers, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP); a latest study demonstrates that the average 8-10 year old child spends approximately eight hours a day using different forms of electronic technologies, and older children and teens spend more than 11 hours per day. Children and teenagers who have a Television in their bedroom spend more time with electronic media. Corresponding, the current amount of users for mobile phones, text messaging, e-mai l, and chat rooms by our teenagers have opened new venues for social interaction in which aggression can happen and adolescents can be victimized (Huesmann, 2007). Hence, Mauritian students are also facing many of the phenomenal problems due to electronic media. With the coming technology, everyone have a laptop and a Smartphone and with the everyday life, both parents work nowadays and adolescent do not have enough time to speak with their parents. After school, the teenagers go to their rooms, and start surfing, watching television for long hours or even listening to music through their mobiles, on their laptops, on radio. Moreover, they even eat in their rooms and keep sitting in front of their screen. The weird thing is that, they will prefer to talk to a stranger through social media rather than going out and talk with their friends. According to recent ICT indicators for Mauritius, a speedily increasing number of families and teenagers are using the Internet; the number of Internet subscribers at the end of 2010 was 284,200 and the number of mobile cellular subscribers was 1,190,900 in 2010 (Defi News, 2011). Henceforward, as stated in Al exa’s Statistics, Facebook can be seen as the number one site visited by Mauritian citizens as shown in the table below. Indeed, there were 159,480 Mauritians on Facebook as at 13th January 2010 as reported by the advertisement programme available on the network. Social Networking Site OR Social Networking Service (SNS) Ranking Facebook 1st YouTube 5th Tagged 24th Twitter 39th Badoo 42nd Hi5 51st Photobucket 54th Flickr 64th LinkedIn 68th MySpace 85th Table 1: Alexa’s Ranking of SNS visited by Mauritians in top 100 sites1 1.2 Problem statements A conversion in telecommunications has greatly changed communication by providing new media in order to have access to long distance communication in the last years. The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast took place in 1906 and led the way to usual transmission via analogue and digital media. The new communication media now permit for long distance exchanges between higher numbers of populations. Electronic media is appreciating a wide use every day with a rise in technology devices being created. Technology has become a time wasting act that distracts youth from communicating personally with mates and family through face to face communication. Electronic media now comes in the forms laptops, tablets, desktops, mobile phones (containing new applications such as WhatsApp, Viber, Facebook Messenger, WeChat and many more), mp3/mp4 players, video games, movies, radios, and television. Electronic has displayed to record highs within the last era, thus altering the dynamic of comm unication. Electronic media, as it is known in different globe, has altered with time. Teenagers and technology appear to have a good relationship for each other. Both are young, proceeding rapidly, and ever altering. During the last 20 years there has been a sudden increase in new technology (David-Ferdon and Hertz, 2011). In the older generations teens readily accepted new technologies for example TVs, record and cassette players, computers, and VCRs, but the new generations have observed a virtual rapid increase in new technology, including mobile phones, iPads, iPods, Mp3/mp4 players, and personal digital assistants. This new technology has been eagerly accepted by adolescents and has caused to an expanded vocabulary, which contain instant messaging (â€Å"IMing†), blogging, and text messaging. Modern technology has many social and educational benefits. In an article (Anon 2010) was stated that with the emergence of internet as the global media, education has progressed to a large extent. Nowadays it is found that distance education programs are carried out through online media which has proved to be quite an advantage to people who seldom have the chance to have interactive classes. There are many television programs that impart knowledge on different facets of education comprising language, science, mathematics and so forth. Electronic media has facilitated in encouraging students to deal effectively with the present educational system. It has changed their view towards education. With the introduction of electronic media, education has got a new meaning. Problems arise when certain students do not use electronic media in a certain way that will have a positive effect on them, thus they become addicted to it. It is noticed that students give more attention to electronic media than they do to their studies (Ndaku, 2013). Teenagers try to follow new fashions, culture and style which is being presented in different programs and advertisements on television, on radio, through their smartphones, laptops, tablets, internet or posters on social networking sites. Teachers have showed concern about the risks students can be exposed to through these electronic devices. To respond to this concern, some countries and schools have, for example established new strategies about the use of mobile phones on school grounds and created strategies to block the use of certain websites on school computers. For example, in Florida, South Carolina, Utah, and Oregon are developing new strategies to cope with cyberbullying. Teachers have decided to take action individually by randomly inspecting websites used by teenagers, such as MySpace. This small activity emphasizes on the phenomena of electronic aggression: any type of aggression which carried out through technology, any sort of harassment or bullying (lying, making fun of people, making rude or mean comments, gossips, or making threatening or hostile comments) that happens through email, a chat room, instant messaging, a website, or even text messaging. Teachers, custodians, and other people who work wit h youngsters know that children and adolescents spend most of their time on electronic media such as blogs, instant messaging, chat rooms, email, text messaging rather that studying. What is not known is exactly how and how frequent they use different kinds of electronic? Could the use of electronic technology expand the likelihood that a teen is the victim of an attack? (David-Ferdon 2010). Electronic media is having a negative impact on the academic performance of students, cyberbullying, becoming aggressive, becoming victims of aggression, insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality among students, and health problem such as affecting overall diet quality. For example, too much addicted to violent video games or listening and watching too much of metallic, hard rock and rock music are affecting the brain and pushing the students in violent behavior. Attention is growing about the danger of teenagers to become victims of aggression carried out by peers with electronic media (David-Ferdon et al, 2007). Cyber-bullying is a global phenomenon which can include people from different countries. It can be defined as simple as continuing to leave a text through means of technology to someone who does not want further contact with the sender. Moreover, cyber-bullying happens when adolescents are tortured, bullied, harassed, humiliated, or in a different way which is targeted by a nother adolescent using the Internet, interactive and electronic means or mobile phones (Defi news, 2011). During recent decades, research examined the sleep patterns and habits of adolescents has become growingly more widespread. More precisely, lack of sleep and poor quality have been associated with impairments in declarative, procedural and working memory performance, as well as poor concentration on studies leading into poor academic performance at schools (Cain and Gradisar, 2010). Therefore, to conclude, that is the reason why I am conducting this research study. This research study aims at demonstrating the impact of electronic media on the secondary school students. 1.3 Aims and Objectives of study They are: To analyse the impact of electronic media on students’ social life. To find out how often the students use electronic media. To evaluate the attitude of students towards electronic media and measure the spending time on it. To determine how the use of electronic media has affected the academic performance of students. 1.4 Research Questions What are the impact of electronic media on students’ social life? How often do the students use electronic media? How are the attitude of students towards electronic media and the time spending on it? How has the use of electronic media affected the academic performance of the students? 1.5 Scope of study The essence of this research is to primarily study the impact of electronic media on secondary school students. The research intends to focus on students in Mauritius for easy analysis of data. 1.6 Flow of report Following this introduction are the chapters that address the relevant literature used to develop the theme the impact of electronic media on secondary school students, the research methods used in the work, the results data analysis, discussion, the conclusion and recommendation. Each chapter is briefly introduced below. Literature Review In chapter 2, the literature is reviewed in different areas. First, the impact of electronic media around the world. Research Methods (Methodology) In chapter 3, the methodology and research design are explained. The research sample and date collection methods are described. Results data analysis In chapter 4, the results and data analysis are explained according to the data collected, from the questionnaire survey. Results are compared. Discussion In chapter 5, the discussion will be made from the results obtained. Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 6, concludes the research work and incorporates the recommendations In the next chapter we shall proceed with a review of the literature.

Als :: essays research papers

Medical history has been filled with an array of diseases and illnesses, ranging from the common cold to deadly killers. Some are easily treatable and others can be terminal, but some of the worst are those that still remain without a cure; one such disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a degenerative disease affecting the human nervous system. It is a deadly disease that cripples and kills its victims due to a breakdown in the body’s motor neurons. Motor neurons are nerve cells in the brainstem and spinal cord that control muscle contractions. In ALS, these neurons deteriorate to a point that all movement, including breathing, halts. Muscle weakness first develops in the muscles of body parts distant from the brain, such as the hands, and subsequently spreads through other muscle groups closer to the brain. Such early symptoms as this, however, can hardly be noticed. Early symptoms of ALS are very slight and often overlooked. They begin as simple things, such as tripping or dropping things. Twitching or cramping of muscles and abnormal fatigue of the arms and legs may soon follow, causing difficulty in daily activities, such as walking or dressing. In more advanced stages, however, shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing and swallowing ensue, until the body is completely taken over by the disease. Intellect, eye motion, bladder function, and sensation are the only abilities spared. Where and how this deadly disease originated is unknown, but it was first identified in 1869, by the noted French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. ALS is not contagious, but research is still vague on the cause of the disease. Today, there are three recognized forms of ALS: genetic, sporadic, and Guamanian. The genetic form of ALS appears to be inherited or passed down within a family, and about ten percent of ALS patients have a family history of the disease. An abnormal gene has been located in about half these families, but the cause of the remaining half is still unknown. The next, most common form, is sporadic ALS. These patients have no family history of disease, and the cause of their coming down with ALS is a mystery. Finally, is Guamanian ALS, called this because a high percentage of cases occur in the Pacific Islands near Guam. One major reason ALS is such a frightening disease is because no cure has been established. Although no effective treatment has been developed, a number of drug trials have been conducted, and there are some devices designed to help ALS patients maintain independence as well as safety as the disease progresses.

Do The Right Thing Essay -- essays research papers

Director and actor Spike Lee presents his "truth" about race relations in his movie Do the Right Thing. The film exhibits the spectacle of black discrimination and racial altercations. Through serious, angry, and loud sounds, Lee stays true to the ethnicity of his characters, all of which reflect their own individualism. Lee uses insulting diction and intense scenes to show how severe racism can lead to violence. The disturbing scene where different nationalities badger their opinions on each other shows poor communication and horrible stereotyping. This is an example of antilocution. Pino's Italian slang, Mookies black talk, and Korean obscenities are all mixed together to show how communication grows impossible among different ethnic groups. Spike Lee is trying to show how nonsense language results in a snowball effect which worsens any situation. The theme of trust appears in scenes involving the same race or color. In the same way, distrust shows among people of different backgrounds. Radio Raheem and Mookie engage in a significant conversation of love and hate. Raheem tells, "Right hand is for love, left for hate. One is always fighting the other." Through Raheem's character, Lee expresses black brotherhood and trust between people of the same ethnicity. In the present, people still carry that close bond within their own nationality. If Radio Raheem as well as the people of today open a hand with trust in someone of different origin from themselves, ... Do The Right Thing Essay -- essays research papers Director and actor Spike Lee presents his "truth" about race relations in his movie Do the Right Thing. The film exhibits the spectacle of black discrimination and racial altercations. Through serious, angry, and loud sounds, Lee stays true to the ethnicity of his characters, all of which reflect their own individualism. Lee uses insulting diction and intense scenes to show how severe racism can lead to violence. The disturbing scene where different nationalities badger their opinions on each other shows poor communication and horrible stereotyping. This is an example of antilocution. Pino's Italian slang, Mookies black talk, and Korean obscenities are all mixed together to show how communication grows impossible among different ethnic groups. Spike Lee is trying to show how nonsense language results in a snowball effect which worsens any situation. The theme of trust appears in scenes involving the same race or color. In the same way, distrust shows among people of different backgrounds. Radio Raheem and Mookie engage in a significant conversation of love and hate. Raheem tells, "Right hand is for love, left for hate. One is always fighting the other." Through Raheem's character, Lee expresses black brotherhood and trust between people of the same ethnicity. In the present, people still carry that close bond within their own nationality. If Radio Raheem as well as the people of today open a hand with trust in someone of different origin from themselves, ...

Organizational Theories Response Essay

The different levels of law enforcement agencies all revolve around theories. The theories that are associated with law enforcement are the Organizational Theory, Management Theory. Within the Organizational Theory the departments are out to achieve specific goals. For example an organizational theory of a police department could be to ensure that the juvenile crime rate within specific areas are under control. To ensure that the juvenile crime rates are under control a specific police organization within a community could be tasked with monitoring juvenile crime and activities within the community in effort to bring the crimes committed by juvenile delinquents down to a minimum. The management theory within law enforcement revolves around ensuring that all of the police officers within a police department and the community are being properly managed. This would include managing all of the police officers within a police department to ensure that you have the right officers in the right areas for the right jobs. The management theory will also help to combat crime because a police commissioner would be able to manage the police officers under his or her charge to ensure that the right amount of officer are in the right places at the right time. The organizational theory breaks down how our law enforcement agencies are run. Within the different law enforcement agencies every agency is broken down and organized. This gives a structure a chain of command to follow and breaks down the responsibilities within a specific law enforcement agency. Refrences: Police Management: Police Management. (2002). Retrieved from http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/pm3ch1.pdf Organizational Theory: Foundations of Organizational Theory . (2010). Retrieved from http://www.drtomoconnor.com/4000/4000lect01.htm

Marital Bliss

Have you ever sat down and thought about the evolution of marriage? If we take a quick look, It seems very unreal to say that marriage does and as changed over the last centuries. There was a time where married couples took the time to write love letters, there was a time where married couple took the time to go out. But as the world around us evolved, so did technology. As technology evolved, it became easier to do daily errands. But at the same time, it made us â€Å"lazar, which had an effect on those wow were married.No longer did marriage become meaningful. Nowadays everybody is focused on their phones and on looking at the ways other people live through social media. Being married in the 21st century often means having to deal with a vast majority of problems. With so many changes occurring around us constantly, it becomes hard to avoid the factors that affect us. Now, everyone seems to be focused on social media and about the life's of others rather than caring for each other . People are also sought up always being busy with work and errands.Another factor that affects marriage in the 21st century Is also the children, with ore and m ore marriages between people with different culture take place, It become very hard to raise a child If It the cultural aspects collapse. Yet, another reason why marriage In the 21 SST century doesn't work out s because people get married because they are afraid of being alone. Instead of marrying the ones they really love, they get engaged with the men they don't. USE SOURCE 2 Arguments begin to arise when couples no longer pay attention to each other.Often times the other partner begins to feel insecure about themselves or they may begin to question homeless if they are doing a good Job on being married. A new concept that has been introduced within marriage is called marital bliss. Marital bliss is the belief that marriages can be saved and worked out if they follow certain steps and rules in order to maintain happiness and peace. Like Renee Clouding Hanson, Ph. D. , said, If marriages are worked out together by both partners It will thrive but if not It will fall. 3) Certain ways to produce a marital bliss Is to have good communication, to listen to the partner, think It through before something Is said. The concept of marital bliss, Is n effective way of having a happy marriage, not only that but it can help save a marriages as well. Although this can be done, at the long run it depends f the married couple really want to be together or not. It is known relationships are not perfect and are not always effective. In life one is bound to have problems.Specifically, people have their differences and once they don't agree on something it builds a sense of inequalities and BLANK. It is said that problems are only meant to make two people stronger but for some other people, having arguments and inequalities destroy a relationship. Something that has been introduced to an engaged couple is prenuptial co ntracts. Prenuptial agreements Is defined as â€Å"a contract between two people who are about to marry regarding their respective property and support rights upon termination of the marriage by divorce or death, and sometimes regarding property rights during the marriage†. 1 Prenuptial agreement should definitely be allowed to consult upon marriage. As the had an agreement as to what will take place after the divorce, rather than having constant arguments. Thus this prenuptial agreement, is a good idea, it can also send message to married people that it is alright to become divorce if in fact they already have the aftermath settled. In reality, this prenuptial agreement should not affect a marriage if it is tee love that they have most each other.Should engaged couples be able to sign the prenuptial agreement? Yes they should because instead of people having a marital bliss, they should face reality and understand that not all marriages work out perfectly. And instead of hav ing a bigger problem once already divorced about the property, an agreement should be made before. If the love is real, then having sign the prenuptial agreement should not really affect the way the marriage works out. What is marital bliss?Becoming ignorant and not facing the real problems in front of you and conforming oneself with being happy. Should you experience inequality within a marriage? Inequality and arguments are something that should definitely be present in a marriage. Married people are not 100 percent the same, or share the same likes or dislikes and might even disagree in many things, so it is important to have inequalities with in a marriage and solve them after to only make the relationship stronger. What does it mean to choose a marriage partner in the 21st century?

Penn Foster Principles of Management Final Exam Essay

1. In order to implement an organizations commitment to social responsibility it is necessary to identify what social problem the organization intends to address, develop policies on what the organization plans to do to successfully fulfill its obligation and ensure stakeholder buy-in. The main obstacles an organization faces when implementing socially responsible policies is pressure from stockholders and business analysis who want steady increase in earnings. Without steady increase in profits, it becomes difficult to reinvest money in these areas. The following actions can be taken toward increased social responsibility: 1. Examine expectations and past responses 2. Set objectives and prioritize 3. Plan and implement strategies 4. Set budgets for resources needed for social action 5. Monitor progress 2. Departmentalization is the practice in which grouping or combining jobs that are related to form a specialized area that is distinct from other areas in an organization. Work or functional departmentalization is a method of separating the activities performed within an organization into groups by the nature or function of the work they perform. For example, functional departmentalization would tend to group together staff members that perform a specialized function in an organization, like accounting. Product departmentalization is the grouping of business activities that are necessary to produce a particular product and/or market a product or service line under the direction of one manager. An example of product departmentalization would be a large multiproduct organization like an automotive distributor. Geographic departmentalization is when organizations are physically isolated to geographical regions. An example of geographical departmentalization is a manufacturing company that has locations in Northern and Southern locations that deal with consumers within their region. Customer departmentalization is when an organization is divided into units that handle specific customer needs. Examples of customer departmentalization in a manufacturing plant are: Assembly, shipping, billing, etc. 3. The acronym SWOT stands for an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A SWOT analysis is strategic planning method that evaluates the internal and external performance of an organization to see if it’s favorable or unfavorable to achieve whatever objective you are set out to accomplish. Strengths and weaknesses usually arise from the internal aspect of an organization, whereas opportunities and threats evolve from external components. By performing a SWOT analysis it provides information to managers to help formulate a successful strategy to achieve goals. PART B 1. Six Sigma is a management philosophy that sets objectives, collects data and analyzes results as a way to remove wasted expenses from its processes and help reduce the number of defective products produced. Six Sigma uses quality measures to strive for near perfection by eliminating errors and variables. 2. The balance of trade is the point where the difference between exports and imports is favorable for the country. When the country imports more than it exports, it results in a trade deficit and when the country exports more than it imports, the country runs into a trade surplus. The balance of trade for a countries economy is a very fine balance. The economic condition can change and a deficit or surplus may be an ideal situation. 3. In the context of communication, perception is based on the individual that is on the receiving end of the information. Perception is a process in which stimulation of the senses, whether written, verbal or non-verbal, is translated into a meaningf ul experience. Each person perceives the same information differently and they tend to only listens to part of the message before perception distorts the intended message. 4. The term organizational decentralization refers to the increased amount of authority given to lower level management by upper level management. By allowing lower level management to be involved in decision making, it enables actions to happen in a timelier manner and promotes higher employee morale, as well as relieves upper management from time consuming projects. 5. Simon’s theory, principle of bounded rationality as it applies to satisficing can be summarized as a decision making strategy that selects the best alternative rather than continuing to search for the optimal solution to any given situation. 6. In relations to leadership, consideration and initiating structure both contribute positively to staff motivation and satisfaction, as well as, effectiveness. 7. Positive reinforcement is to add a positive outcome as a result of a desired behavior. Negative reinforcement is to give the person the opportunity to avoid a negative consequence by increasing the likelihood that the desired behavior will reoccur. Both are used to increase the frequency of the desired behavior. 8. Planning – The manager sets objectives and decided what needs to be done to meet those goals. Organizing – The manager divides work into manageable activities and selects people to accomplish the task that need to be done. Staffing – The manager determines how many and what kind of staff is needed to meet the organizations goals and then recruits and trains the appropriate people. Leading – The manager motivates and communicates with staff and also directs them towards meeting the organizational goals. Controlling – The manager measures and analyzes the organizations performance, and makes changes if financial standards are not being m et. 9. A manager would use the critical-incident appraisal method for assessing employees’ written record of both satisfactory and unsatisfactory work performances. Performance is documented as it occurs and can aid in preparing performance evaluations to identify strengths and areas that need improvement. 10. Group norm is an informal set of rules a group takes on to regulate group behavior, whereas group cohesiveness is the overall attraction each member has for the group. Group norm example: Employees that work on assembly line #1 at the local factory always sit at the same lunch table and don’t interact with others. Group cohesiveness example: Employees on assembly line #2 have beaten the monthly production record for the 10th month in a row.