What is the Relationship between the Social Definition of Deviance and the Medias Role in the Dissemination of Popular Culture

What is the Relationship between the Social Definition of Deviance and the Medias Role in the Dissemination of Popular Culture News revealing is one of the foremost manners by which a general public finds out about itself. The fundamental capacity of news media is to offer mass crowd with data and record of occasions that happen on the planet. By and by, another less discernible capacity is to go about as an instrument of social control.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on What is the Relationship between the Social Definition of Deviance and the Media’s Role in the Dissemination of Popular Culture? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The media assumes a critical job in characterizing aberrance and exacting social controls, since it is the principle player in deciphering popular conclusions and perspectives. In this specific job, it goes about as a kind of aberrance characterizing first class that take a fundamental part in developing dreams of soundness, request and change and controlling the control rehearses that concur with these dreams. News media additionally s pecify what comprises aberrance. Over the span of the standard act of detailing news, media stations ideologically fortify relations of administering, supporting the domineering force development of the general public wherein they are dug in. The media likewise benefits the voices of those in real gatherings, for example, lawmakers over those of degenerate players. The force and social remaining of sources decides their validity, since columnists rely on their goal understands, yet in addition different sources when making reports. News media manage envisioning and, along these lines, characterizing freak activities for their crowd. In the course, the news media also recreate sound thoughts of network agreement and social request. Furthermore, the attention on abnormality fabricates an amusement approach that placates the business interests of news media gatherings. The TV news industry, mindful of its capacity in business diversion, fixates on intensely shocking, emotional and stim ulating depictions to draw and support an expansive survey crowd. As Karl Max indicates, news media directs to masses through making bogus cognizance in the brains of the watchers. News media are among the gatherings that meet the measures of what Max Weber calls the disappointment of the contemporary world. Clearly, the job of news media in both appropriating and speaking to general assessment and activity is most apparent when giving an account of abnormality, especially on sub social youth deviance.Advertising Looking for article on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The power of TV reports that underline dark young people and viciousness shows how news media foundations help with molding the way toward picking, characterizing and circling social issues to the general population. American movies like Juice and Fresh get national consideration since they feature the basic view that wrongdoing and savagery descri be the lives of African-Americans. The media advances degenerate practices by depicting dark adolescents as pioneers of wrongdoing, viciousness and good rot, since even guiltless youthful dark young people will in general receive these practices with the goal that they can live to cultural desires. Mainstream media has an important job in scattering various societies. It likewise prompts globalization, since much data concerning how individuals live exudes from portrayals of those gatherings in well known media. As Emile Durkheim clarifies, social realities start from a delayed communication with others, broad communications and scholastic training. Thus, regardless of whether such portrayals seem negative or positive, they have key social, political and social inductions. A great many people get data about wrongdoing and the criminal equity structure from the news and amusement media. We as a whole communicate with broad communications or mainstream society relying upon viewpoints, for example, our social setting, openings, needs and interests for introduction. However, we don't move toward the encounters of broad communications/mainstream society as void boxes. We as a whole associate with the media notwithstanding our varieties in age, race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. Taking everything into account, the media assumes a noteworthy job in characterizing abnormality and exacting social controls, since it is a fundamental player in deciphering general feelings and perspectives. Also, mainstream media has an important job in dispersing various societies, since much data concerning how individuals live exudes from portrayals of those gatherings in well known media.

Back Injury of South African Female Gymnasts Research Paper

Back Injury of South African Female Gymnasts - Research Paper Example This investigation has utilized a planned testing program which was trailed by a review clear poll based examination structure. It was organized thusly so as to build up a physical issue profile in both of the ebb and flow and past seasons and another for the preparation program. There were 20 enrolled tumbling clubs situated in Gauteng. Seven of the twenty clubs were the main ones who offer a high caliber of projects as far as execution. It is just inside these seven clubs that the respondents of this examination have been picked. Be that as it may, just three of the seven clubs have permitted and consented to participate in this examination since the staying four clubs don't have their present tip top gymnasts. Respondents of the examination were chosen dependent on their age and preparing hours. Female aesthetic gymnasts who were conceived somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2000 are the fundamental members. These gymnasts ought to go through, at any rate 15 hours of preparing every week for at least three years. Different respondents incorporate the resigned gymnasts who have just contended in the first class level while they were as yet dynamic in the games. They have been remembered for request to get data with respect to the explanations for their retirement and radiological information which were additionally contrasted with the information accumulated from the present dynamic gymnasts. The complete number of the resigned gymnasts is ten and every ha filled a poll. It was likewise ensured by the scientist that the information utilized in this examination was given assent by the gymnasts who were taking part in the investigation. Prior to directing the underlying examination, the surveys were sent to tumbling specialists who incorporate ten gymnasts who are not taking an interest in this investigation and another two aerobatic mentors. The surveys were likewise checked and approved by a biokineticist and sports doctor who works intimately with gymnasts. This checking and confirmation of surveys was made in accordance with the substance and develop legitimacy as expressed by Sim and Wright (2000). In the pilot study, which was led at the beginning of the opposition and was three months before the primary investigation, the polls were given to the members. Following seven days, the finished polls were sent back to similar respondents to check the unwavering quality of the appropriate responses. With regards to the X-beam test, it was taken by three radiographers who follow comparable techniques for every one of the view, for example, antero-back view, sideways view, and sidelong view. Assembled information were examined using a mechanized factual program which is the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) adaptation 12. Elucidating examination was acquired through methods and standard deviations while trial of essentialness were accomplished with inferential measurements. The degree of hugeness utilized in the inferential insights was set at 5%. Consequences of the investigation have recognized that wounds, which ordinarily result to radiological changes, were by and large brought about by the preparation and the opposition appropriate itself. Predominance of wounds is extremely basic in the lower leg which has recorded 16.7% of the whole populace of the members. It was trailed by the wounds happening in the elbow. It can likewise be

The Project Planning Process - Focus

The Project Planning Process - Focus The project planning process starts before work on the actual project begins and continues throughout the life cycle of the project. Its main goal is to adequately plan the time, cost and resources needed for the project  and thus to minimize risk. The main output of the project planning process is the project plan (or project management plan), which includes the project schedule as well as various supporting plans. Project Management Planning â€" Step by Step The following is a simple guide that explains the basic steps of project management planning. Note that the suggested order of the steps is not binding, although it is applicable to most scenarios. Step 1: Identify Project Stakeholders Start your project planning process by identifying the stakeholders of your project. Project stakeholders are individuals, groups, or organizations who may affect or be affected by a project. They include: The project sponsor The project leader Project team members Project testers Contractors Consultants Customers and clients Users of the project output Groups impacted by the project And others The task of stakeholder management starts with the identification of all stakeholders but doesn’t end until the project itself is completed. Throughout the life cycle of the project, stakeholders need to be managed, that is, updated about project progress and their feedback taken into consideration. Good communication is key, and it is the job of the project manager to maintain a productive dialog with everybody involved in and affected by the project, not only the core project members.   On the other hand, some projects may be so large and complex that you aren’t able to give all stakeholders an equal amount of attention. In this case, it’s important to identify the key stakeholders, i.e. those who can make or break the success of your project. Key stakeholders can include the project sponsor (the individual with overall accountability for the project) and senior management. Prioritizing the needs and objectives of key stakeholders will help increase the chances of your project’s success. Step 2: Identify Project Goals and Objectives A project’s goals and objectives depend on the needs of the project stakeholders. Therefore, knowing who your stakeholders are and what their needs are is the first step in determining your project’s goals. A good way to determine stakeholders’ needs are stakeholder interviews, which you should conduct at the very beginning of the project planning process. Tip: You can take notes during these interviews and save them directly in a project stakeholder mind map, similar to the one pictured above. Once you have a clear overview of your (key) stakeholders’ needs, you can turn them into a set of measurable goals, following the SMART principle: Specific Measurable Agreed Realistic Time-bound Goals vs Objectives Project goals are the desired outcomes of a project, which can be formulated into broad statements such as “Increase the number of website visitors by 30% by the end of the year” or “Collect 500 sales qualified leads within the next three months”. A project can have multiple goals. Goals are about WHAT the project needs to achieve. Objectives, on the other hand, are about HOW these goals can be achieved. Each goal can thus have a number of objectives. Example: Goal: Collect 500 sales qualified leads within the next three months Objectives: Create a white paper about the benefits of agile task management to collect marketing qualified leads Set up a campaign on LinkedIn to send potential leads to the white paper landing page Follow the white paper up with a webinar to turn readers into sales qualified leads Step 3: Identify Project Deliverables Project deliverables are the tangible products that are produced or provided as a result of the project. We can generally distinguish between two types of deliverables: Project deliverables, such as the project plan, minutes, or reports. Product deliverables, such as intellectual material, consumer goods, contracts, and so on. Deliverables have the following attributes: They can be intended for both internal and external stakeholders: Minutes, for instance, may be intended for the core project team, while official reports may be created to keep the client or other external stakeholders informed. They usually have a due date: Due dates are an important part in project planning â€" this is true for goals, objectives, deliverables, and individual tasks. They may represent stages of a project: Phases or stages of a project may be represented by major deliverables. In case of a new mobile app, for instance, deliverables/phases could include: 1. App concept, 2. Mockup, 3. Design, and 4. Functioning prototype. They may represent individual tasks within a project: Individual tasks can produce deliverables, but oftentimes multiple (dependent) tasks have to be completed in order to create a deliverable. Deliverables vs Objectives Project deliverables and project objectives are closely related, but they are not the same thing. You may need one or multiple deliverables to fulfill an objective, or you may be able to fulfill multiple objectives with just one deliverable. Example: Objective: Set up a campaign on LinkedIn to send potential leads to the white paper landing page Deliverables: White paper landing page LinkedIn ad Campaign report In this example, there is a logical order in which the deliverables will be due: first, the landing page needs to be created, then the ad campaign, and lastly, after the campaign is finished, a report about the success of the campaign can be written up. Note that in this example, each deliverable can be broken down further into individual tasks, which themselves may be assigned to different project members. The creation of a landing page, for instance, may require content from the copywriter, a design from the UI designer, and implementation from a developer. Step 4: Create the Project Schedule In traditional project management, the project schedule lists all activities and deliverables with their intended start and end dates, and thus provides a timeline for the entire project. To work out the schedule for your project, you will need to: Define activities based on your objectives and deliverables Break activities down into tasks Estimate the time each task will take Locate task dependencies and accommodate them in the schedule Assign (human) resources to the tasks Once you know exactly what needs to be done, who will do it, and how long everything takes, you can work out the entire project schedule. While simple in theory, this is probably one of the most difficult areas within the whole project planning process. If you can’t rely on experiences gathered from previous projects, accurately estimating how long tasks will take is the first difficulty. And even if you work out the perfect schedule on a task level, this plan is of little worth unless you’ve also created a viable resource schedule. Human resources especially are difficult to manage, as their needs and availabilities often can’t be predicted with a 100% accuracy. Project members may get sick, go on vacation, or simply work slower than anticipated. If not scheduled properly, one resource may also be needed for two different activities at the same time, sometimes resulting in disputes between stakeholders about which task needs to be prioritized. Best Practices for Project Scheduling Many of the common problems in project scheduling can be anticipated and mitigated, if not avoided altogether. Here are a few strategies you can try: Use Padding: Most people tend to underestimate how long an activity will take them to do. If you can estimate by how much team members have underestimated the effort of their tasks, you can balance the missing time in the schedule. Although sometimes frowned upon, “padding” can be a simple trick to come to a more accurate schedule. Identify Risks: During the life cycle of a project, many complications can occur â€" sudden changes in the business environment, new technologies, and many other things may lead to delays or disruptions. Conducting a proper risk analysis at the beginning of the project planning process will ensure that these risks aren’t completely unforeseen and help you prepare for them as best as possible. Manage Expectations: It’s important to ensure that leadership has realistic expectations about the project’s scope and the time and resources necessary to complete goals. If expectations are too high and the project team is unable to meet them, this can lead to frustration on both sides. As the project manager, you, therefore, need to communicate clearly what is known (and can be predicted), what is unknown, and which risks exist. Spot Bottlenecks Quickly: Bottlenecks can derail a project schedule if they aren’t spotted quickly. You should, therefore, monitor work throughout the project’s life cycle, using a task management system that makes it easy to detect bottlenecks at a glance and relocate resources to solve the issue. Kanban boards, which were originally created in the automotive industry but have since become popular in software project management and many other industries, can be useful in this case.   Step 5: Create Supporting Plans Your project plan needs to include all the information necessary to manage, monitor, and complete the project successfully. Aside from the project schedule, the stakeholder list, the goals, and objectives, the document usually includes various supporting plans that cover the following areas: Scope Management Resource Management Requirements Management Communications Management Quality Management Project Change Management Procurement Management Risk Management Step 6: Outline the Project Plan Now that you know the contents of a project plan, it’s time to look at how the project plan document is structured. By default, a project plan starts with an executive summary that provides an overview of the entire project management approach, followed by the project scope, goals and objectives, schedule, budget, and other supporting plans. Before you open a blank text document and start to write, it can be helpful to create a simple project plan outline. You can use a mind map tool or similar diagramming software for this purpose. Outlining your project plan in a mind map will help you collect all important information on a single page, visualize dependencies, and highlight open questions and issues that still need to be addressed. Such a mind map can also be saved as a template and reused in future projects. Once you’re satisfied with the outline, you can export it into a text document and start fleshing it out with more details. Create visual project plans with MindMeister Try it now Its free! Try it now See also: Project planning tools How to create a project communications plan Document writing, step by step The Project Planning Process - Focus The project planning process starts before work on the actual project begins and continues throughout the life cycle of the project. Its main goal is to adequately plan the time, cost and resources needed for the project  and thus to minimize risk. The main output of the project planning process is the project plan (or project management plan), which includes the project schedule as well as various supporting plans. Project Management Planning â€" Step by Step The following is a simple guide that explains the basic steps of project management planning. Note that the suggested order of the steps is not binding, although it is applicable to most scenarios. Step 1: Identify Project Stakeholders Start your project planning process by identifying the stakeholders of your project. Project stakeholders are individuals, groups, or organizations who may affect or be affected by a project. They include: The project sponsor The project leader Project team members Project testers Contractors Consultants Customers and clients Users of the project output Groups impacted by the project And others The task of stakeholder management starts with the identification of all stakeholders but doesn’t end until the project itself is completed. Throughout the life cycle of the project, stakeholders need to be managed, that is, updated about project progress and their feedback taken into consideration. Good communication is key, and it is the job of the project manager to maintain a productive dialog with everybody involved in and affected by the project, not only the core project members.   On the other hand, some projects may be so large and complex that you aren’t able to give all stakeholders an equal amount of attention. In this case, it’s important to identify the key stakeholders, i.e. those who can make or break the success of your project. Key stakeholders can include the project sponsor (the individual with overall accountability for the project) and senior management. Prioritizing the needs and objectives of key stakeholders will help increase the chances of your project’s success. Step 2: Identify Project Goals and Objectives A project’s goals and objectives depend on the needs of the project stakeholders. Therefore, knowing who your stakeholders are and what their needs are is the first step in determining your project’s goals. A good way to determine stakeholders’ needs are stakeholder interviews, which you should conduct at the very beginning of the project planning process. Tip: You can take notes during these interviews and save them directly in a project stakeholder mind map, similar to the one pictured above. Once you have a clear overview of your (key) stakeholders’ needs, you can turn them into a set of measurable goals, following the SMART principle: Specific Measurable Agreed Realistic Time-bound Goals vs Objectives Project goals are the desired outcomes of a project, which can be formulated into broad statements such as “Increase the number of website visitors by 30% by the end of the year” or “Collect 500 sales qualified leads within the next three months”. A project can have multiple goals. Goals are about WHAT the project needs to achieve. Objectives, on the other hand, are about HOW these goals can be achieved. Each goal can thus have a number of objectives. Example: Goal: Collect 500 sales qualified leads within the next three months Objectives: Create a white paper about the benefits of agile task management to collect marketing qualified leads Set up a campaign on LinkedIn to send potential leads to the white paper landing page Follow the white paper up with a webinar to turn readers into sales qualified leads Step 3: Identify Project Deliverables Project deliverables are the tangible products that are produced or provided as a result of the project. We can generally distinguish between two types of deliverables: Project deliverables, such as the project plan, minutes, or reports. Product deliverables, such as intellectual material, consumer goods, contracts, and so on. Deliverables have the following attributes: They can be intended for both internal and external stakeholders: Minutes, for instance, may be intended for the core project team, while official reports may be created to keep the client or other external stakeholders informed. They usually have a due date: Due dates are an important part in project planning â€" this is true for goals, objectives, deliverables, and individual tasks. They may represent stages of a project: Phases or stages of a project may be represented by major deliverables. In case of a new mobile app, for instance, deliverables/phases could include: 1. App concept, 2. Mockup, 3. Design, and 4. Functioning prototype. They may represent individual tasks within a project: Individual tasks can produce deliverables, but oftentimes multiple (dependent) tasks have to be completed in order to create a deliverable. Deliverables vs Objectives Project deliverables and project objectives are closely related, but they are not the same thing. You may need one or multiple deliverables to fulfill an objective, or you may be able to fulfill multiple objectives with just one deliverable. Example: Objective: Set up a campaign on LinkedIn to send potential leads to the white paper landing page Deliverables: White paper landing page LinkedIn ad Campaign report In this example, there is a logical order in which the deliverables will be due: first, the landing page needs to be created, then the ad campaign, and lastly, after the campaign is finished, a report about the success of the campaign can be written up. Note that in this example, each deliverable can be broken down further into individual tasks, which themselves may be assigned to different project members. The creation of a landing page, for instance, may require content from the copywriter, a design from the UI designer, and implementation from a developer. Step 4: Create the Project Schedule In traditional project management, the project schedule lists all activities and deliverables with their intended start and end dates, and thus provides a timeline for the entire project. To work out the schedule for your project, you will need to: Define activities based on your objectives and deliverables Break activities down into tasks Estimate the time each task will take Locate task dependencies and accommodate them in the schedule Assign (human) resources to the tasks Once you know exactly what needs to be done, who will do it, and how long everything takes, you can work out the entire project schedule. While simple in theory, this is probably one of the most difficult areas within the whole project planning process. If you can’t rely on experiences gathered from previous projects, accurately estimating how long tasks will take is the first difficulty. And even if you work out the perfect schedule on a task level, this plan is of little worth unless you’ve also created a viable resource schedule. Human resources especially are difficult to manage, as their needs and availabilities often can’t be predicted with a 100% accuracy. Project members may get sick, go on vacation, or simply work slower than anticipated. If not scheduled properly, one resource may also be needed for two different activities at the same time, sometimes resulting in disputes between stakeholders about which task needs to be prioritized. Best Practices for Project Scheduling Many of the common problems in project scheduling can be anticipated and mitigated, if not avoided altogether. Here are a few strategies you can try: Use Padding: Most people tend to underestimate how long an activity will take them to do. If you can estimate by how much team members have underestimated the effort of their tasks, you can balance the missing time in the schedule. Although sometimes frowned upon, “padding” can be a simple trick to come to a more accurate schedule. Identify Risks: During the life cycle of a project, many complications can occur â€" sudden changes in the business environment, new technologies, and many other things may lead to delays or disruptions. Conducting a proper risk analysis at the beginning of the project planning process will ensure that these risks aren’t completely unforeseen and help you prepare for them as best as possible. Manage Expectations: It’s important to ensure that leadership has realistic expectations about the project’s scope and the time and resources necessary to complete goals. If expectations are too high and the project team is unable to meet them, this can lead to frustration on both sides. As the project manager, you, therefore, need to communicate clearly what is known (and can be predicted), what is unknown, and which risks exist. Spot Bottlenecks Quickly: Bottlenecks can derail a project schedule if they aren’t spotted quickly. You should, therefore, monitor work throughout the project’s life cycle, using a task management system that makes it easy to detect bottlenecks at a glance and relocate resources to solve the issue. Kanban boards, which were originally created in the automotive industry but have since become popular in software project management and many other industries, can be useful in this case.   Step 5: Create Supporting Plans Your project plan needs to include all the information necessary to manage, monitor, and complete the project successfully. Aside from the project schedule, the stakeholder list, the goals, and objectives, the document usually includes various supporting plans that cover the following areas: Scope Management Resource Management Requirements Management Communications Management Quality Management Project Change Management Procurement Management Risk Management Step 6: Outline the Project Plan Now that you know the contents of a project plan, it’s time to look at how the project plan document is structured. By default, a project plan starts with an executive summary that provides an overview of the entire project management approach, followed by the project scope, goals and objectives, schedule, budget, and other supporting plans. Before you open a blank text document and start to write, it can be helpful to create a simple project plan outline. You can use a mind map tool or similar diagramming software for this purpose. Outlining your project plan in a mind map will help you collect all important information on a single page, visualize dependencies, and highlight open questions and issues that still need to be addressed. Such a mind map can also be saved as a template and reused in future projects. Once you’re satisfied with the outline, you can export it into a text document and start fleshing it out with more details. Create visual project plans with MindMeister Try it now Its free! Try it now See also: Project planning tools How to create a project communications plan Document writing, step by step

Executive Orders Definition and Application

A presidential executive order (EO) is a directive issued to federal agencies, department heads, or other federal employees by the President of the United States under his statutory or constitutional powers. In many ways, presidential executive orders are similar to written orders, or instructions issued by the president of a corporation to its department heads or directors. Thirty days after being published in the Federal Register, executive orders take effect. While they do bypass the U.S. Congress and the standard legislative law making process, no part of an executive order may direct the agencies to conduct illegal or unconstitutional activities. Brief History or Executive Orders The first recognized executive order was issued by President George Washington on June 8, 1789, in the form of a letter to the heads of all federal departments instructing them to â€Å"impress me with a full, precise, and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States.† Since then, all U.S. presidents, with the exception of William Henry Harrison have issued executive orders, ranging from presidents Adams, Madison and Monroe, who issued only one each, to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who issued 3,522 executive orders. The practice of numbering and officially documenting executive orders as such did not begin until 1907 when the Department of State instituted the present-day numbering system. Applying the system retroactively, the agency designated the â€Å"Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana,† issued by President Abraham Lincoln on October 20, 1862, as â€Å"United States Executive Order 1.† Perhaps the most impactful and certainly most famous executive order was the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, directing all agencies of the federal government to treat the 3.5 million African American slaves being held in the seceded Confederate states as free men and women.   Reasons for Issuing Executive Orders Presidents typically issue executive orders for one of these purposes:1. Operational management of the executive branch2. Operational management of federal agencies or officials3. To carry out statutory or constitutional presidential responsibilities Notable Executive Orders In 1970, President Richard Nixon used this executive order to establish a new federal agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under the Department of Commerce.Shortly after the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, directing the internment of more than 120,000 Japanese-Americans, many of whom were U.S. citizens.In reaction to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush issued this executive order combining over 40 federal law enforcement agencies and creating the Cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security.As one of his first official actions, President Obama issued an executive order that some claimed allowed him to hide his personal records - like his birth certificate - from the public. In fact, the order had a very different goal. During his first 100 days in office, 45th President Donald Trump issued more executive orders than any other recent president. Many of President Trump’s early executive orders were intended to fulfill his campaign promises by undoing several policies of his predecessor President Obama. Among the most significant and controversial of these executive orders were: Executive Order Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care ActEO No. 13765 Signed: Jan. 20, 2017: The order reversed provisions of the Affordable Care Act — Obamacare — which he had promised to â€Å"repeal and replace† during the campaign.Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United StatesEO No. 13768 Signed Jan. 25, 2017: The order, intended to reduce illegal immigration, denied federal grant money to so-called sanctuary cities.Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United StatesEO No. 13769 signed Jan. 27, 2017: The order temporarily suspended immigration from the Muslim-majority countries of Syria, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Yemen, and Somalia Can Executive Orders be Overridden or Withdrawn? The president can amend or retract his or her own  executive order at any time. The president may also issue an executive order superseding or nullifying executive orders issued by former presidents. New incoming presidents may choose to retain the executive orders issued by their predecessors, replace them with new ones of their own, or revoke the old ones completely. In extreme cases, Congress may pass a law that alters an executive order, and they can be declared unconstitutional and vacated by the Supreme Court. Executive Orders vs. Proclamations Presidential proclamations differ from executive orders in that they are either ceremonial in nature or deal with issues of trade and may or may not carry legal effect. Executive orders have the legal effect of a law. Constitutional Authority for Executive Orders Article II, section 1 of the U.S. Constitution reads, in part, The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. And, Article II, section 3 asserts that  The President shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed... Since the Constitution does not specifically define executive power, critics of executive orders argue that these two passages do not imply constitutional authority. But, presidents of the United States since George Washington have argued that they do and have used them accordingly. Modern Use of Executive Orders Until World War I, executive orders were used for relatively minor, usually unnoticed acts of state. That trend changed drastically with the  passage of the War Powers Act of 1917. This act passed during WWI granted the president temporary powers to immediately enact laws regulating trade, economy, and other aspects of policy as they pertained to enemies of America. A key section of the War Powers act also contained language specifically excluding American citizens from its effects. The War Powers Act remained in effect and unchanged until 1933 when a freshly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt found America in the panic stage of the Great Depression. The first thing FDR did was to convene a special session of Congress where he introduced a bill amending the War Powers Act to remove the clause excluding American citizens from being bound by its effects. This would allow the president to declare national emergencies and unilaterally enact laws to deal with them. This massive amendment was approved by both houses of Congress in less than 40 minutes without debate. Hours later, FDR officially declared the depression a national emergency and started issuing a string of executive orders that effectively created and implemented his famed New Deal policy. While some of FDRs actions were, perhaps, constitutionally questionable, history now acknowledges them as having helped to avert the peoples growing panic and starting our economy on its way to recovery. Presidential Directives and Memorandums Same as Executive Orders Occasionally, presidents issue orders to executive branch agencies through presidential directives or presidential memorandums, instead of executive orders. In January 2009, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a statement declaring presidential directives (memorandums) to have exactly the same effect as executive orders. A presidential directive has the same substantive legal effect as an executive order. It is the substance of the presidential action that is determinative, not the form of the document conveying that action, wrote acting U.S. Assistant Attorney General Randolph D. Moss. Both an executive order and a presidential directive remain effective upon a change in administration unless otherwise specified in the document, and both continue to be effective until subsequent presidential action is taken. How Many Executive Orders Have Presidents Issued? Since George Washington issued the first one in 1789, all presidents except William Henry Harrison of the Whig Party have issued at least one executive order. In serving longer than any other president, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued the most executive orders— 3,728—most dealing with World War II and the Great Depression. Presidents John Adams, James Madison, and James Monroe issued only executive order each. Numbers of executive orders issued by more recent presidents include: George H. W. Bush—166Bill Clinton—364eorge W. Bush—291arack Obama—276Donald Trump—132 (January 20, 2017 to present)

Discrimination And Judgement Based On Their Gender, Class,...

women still have to face discrimination and judgement based on their gender, class, and race. This population clearly reflects the gaps and limitations of primary health care services today. Adelson (2005) reflects on this circumstance as a absence of control of a comprehensive health care program where there is acceptable conduct of resources that can diminish the bureaucratic unbalance. Maternal care, is defined as the care provided to women at different stages of maternity: prenatal, pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum (Di Lallo, 2014; Tjepkema and Wilkins, 2011). According to an article published in Nursing for Women’s Health by Di Lallo (2014), 19.5% of Aboriginal women on-reserves of Wetasiwin (city) received no prenatal care. The average fertility rate of Aboriginal women in Alberta’s off-reserve locations is approximately 53.1% which is lower than Wetasiwin locations of approximately 74.8%. The health of the infants born on the on-reserve locations are more of concern however, with an infant mortality rate of 6.6% and number of mothers that smoke during pregnancy is about 50.5%. Health care providers specified that the cultural differences are huge barriers for Aboriginal women during their maternal stages. For example, there is a cultural belief that noting is bought for the newborn until they are born however, this can cause problems in off-r eserve locations in city hospitals where there would be no support for supplies for the mother in labour. (Di Lallo, 2014)Show MoreRelated Affirmative Action Essay561 Words   |  3 Pagesforced upon American businesses and working class by the federal government. A law which forces people to look at race before looking at the individual cannot promote equal opportunity. Affirmative action continues the judgement of minorities by race; it causes reverse discrimination, and contradicts its purpose. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Affirmative action is not creating a colorblind society. In fact it continues the judgement of minorities according to race. Affirmative action forces employers andRead MorePrejudice : Ignorance Of Man1434 Words   |  6 PagesFound guilty, because of his race not being what is socially acceptable as capable of being innocent. Prejudice, and the act of negative judgement, leads to discrimination of those judged and the unrightful treatment of them. This prejudice is shown throughout the story, and characters judged by things such as race, social class, and the gender of individuals. Black and white, two colors of man that throughout history has been divided through ignorance and judgement. The United States in historyRead MoreFrank V Xerox Case Study719 Words   |  3 Pagessuing range from discrimination because of race or gender, and hostile work environments. It is important that when employees start to feel mistreated or notice something has changed, they take the correct actions to resolve their dispute. The plaintiffs would make a case of discrimination by stating how they have felt discriminated against. There are different classifications of discrimination. Some discrimination may not be intentional and unfortunately, some discrimination is intentional.Read MorePersuasive Essay About Prejudice814 Words   |  4 Pagesand it leads to violence and division. Our society believes that we can live life being prejudice, discriminating and antagonizing others based on their race. The sun had just gone down. I heard a dreadful gun shot. The screams from down the street. The screeching high pitch voice of a mother crying because she had just lost one of her two sons. Now comes judgement day and there are protestors outside the courthouse, meanwhile inside the court room, you can feel the tension build. The media is ecstaticRead MoreDiscrimination In The Kite Runner1698 Words   |  7 Pageshas been plagued with the sickness that is discrimination. People have taken it upon themselves to have the right to discriminate against others, basing their prejudice on parts of others that they themselves cannot control such as age, race or gender. From past to present, many have faced segregation and the damaging ripple effect it has on their lives. This is especially true for minorities in the world who are singled out and treated as inferiors based on physical traits. The Kite Runner, by KhaledRead More Race vs. Social Class Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesRace vs. Soc ial Class THESIS: Race differences in identity and social position were, and are, more important than class differences in American society. Events in the nineteenth century made it abundantly and irrefutably clear that race as a concept sui generis superseded social class as the dominant mechanism of social division and stratification in North America. (Smedley 219) For many decades people have been using race as a way to classify humans into different social categories. LowerRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Responsibilities1116 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles and gender division in biological perspectives were an issue in global societies. Even in today’s societies depending on the geographical areas around the world, gender roles are socially divided. However other geographic countries completely equal, such as Iceland. Laws such as a third gender option at birth, then decision followed by the child. The third gender option would be judged negatively in some other geographic parts of our globally social societies. What kind of impact doRead MoreCase Study : Case Study Analysis848 Words   |  4 PagesLaw Aga inst Discrimination (LAD). Personal observation Based on my observation of this case study, Enriquez was not only discriminated against but also bullied because of an identify disorder. Enriquez was hired to be a director of a hospital based on qualifications, and prior job history. It is unfortunate she was criticized for a disorder she suffered from as a male. Her co-workers should have taken the time to understand what she was going through instead of passing judgement. Legal aspectsRead MoreAs Times Change So Do The Practices In Each Industry. Our1399 Words   |  6 Pagesemployers may not ask questions regarding race, religion, sexual preferences, or marital status† (p. 568). Age, disability, and other protected characteristics such as pregnancy or illness may also be available on social media (Radogna, 2011). All of the aforementioned information is easily accessible thanks to social media, but what should be used and what is off limits and how valuable is the information? Employers are not prohibited from learning protected class information, but they are prohibitedRead MorePersonal Reflection : The Way A Person Is Treated985 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Essay The way a person is treated is based upon what they look like, what gender they are, what their social class is, and what they act as, these certain truths are what makes a person and in turn what a person makes of themselves. Following this I can say my certain truths that were placed on me are the fact that I am a white, female, and straight as well as saying the truths I made myself are the fact that I am cisgendered, (I’m also middle class as of now but that is somewhat a mix of the

Houshold Gods Free Essays

â€Å"Their life gave our lives meaning, but broken homes will not set again. Their parting was our dissolution, they will never know their household gods are slain. † An intense end to Philip Hobsbaum’s poem ‘Household gods’ which presents the life of a broken home after the people that lived there have parted and left. We will write a custom essay sample on Houshold Gods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through the use of personification, rhyme, punctuation and diction, these small speeches convey the idea of a once happy and lively household now lost and the mournful end it faces. Philip Hobsbaum’s design of structure, punctuation and rhyme establish the furniture’s’ personified being. The poem is divided into nine stanzas, each consist of four lines enclosed by quotation marks to show a different speaker in each stanza. In the first, eighth, and ninth stanza the second and fourth lines rhyme, and these stanzas are spoken by the gods as a group. In stanzas two to seven, they speak as individuals, the first and third lines rhyme as well as the second and fourth. This personification of the gods allow them to identify with the reader at a more personal level and be able to connect with him, The first stanza is spoken by the entire household, describing its role in observing the breaking of the lives of this couple â€Å"I saw them. I was there. † The author introduces the poem with a gloomy heavy tone, relying on words such as â€Å"breaking,† â€Å"distraught,† and â€Å"despair. † The couples’ breakup is â€Å"mirrored† by the household and foreshadows their future departure. The second and third stanzas are from an individual point of view, they represent some of the couple’s possessions recollecting their joyful past. At first, what seems to be a musical instrument belonging to the woman grieves its disuse, stating that it has â€Å"so long been silent† and it laments over the days when her â€Å"long fingers once caressed [it]. † It also introduces a passionate part of the couple’s relationship previously as it asks: â€Å"was that how at one time she touched him? † The third stanza introduces male’s possession as it recalls a happy past when â€Å"his lips on mine†¦warmed my clay. † This god is most likely a mug that the occupant used, and now he describes the â€Å"kiss† that he used to receive as â€Å"broken and swept away. These missing parts of the house are what take its life away; music brings joy to a home, and coffee in the morning is an indicator of life. The couple’s relationship can be related to the cup, as it was once warm full of embraces and kisses ‘in the morning or in darkness’, and now it is broken and being â€Å"swept away† as it ends. A rug mentions its experience next; it describes the past state of the couple as it used to serve ‘their steady feet,’ but now their steps are ‘tentative’ as they become more reluctant to come across each other. In the past there was a sense of life to the house, but now the carpet feels sorrowful as it becomes a â€Å"street for strangers† as it is no longer able to recognize the transformed couple. It expresses its dismay in the last line which does not flow with the previous stanza to show its feeling of worthlessness and abandonment; it used to serve this couple but now it is merely â€Å"jute and wool† at the front of the house. The god in the fourth stanza, a room or the house also reflects on its abandoned state. It describes the time when they cared for it and made it â€Å"in terms of their vision†, however, the state that the room is in at this point shows neglect and deterioration as the â€Å"walls are pealing. † The house relates to the rug, as it also begins to feel useless after his â€Å"occupants have fled. † The sixth and seventh stanzas describe the final scene that this house lives. The sixth stanza is spoken by a clock, which ironically speaks of time which does not repeat itself, unlike her hands. It also speaks about â€Å"the climactial moment† which has passed and will never reoccur again, no matter â€Å"whoever will come. This may refer to the house, which has reached an optimum point, and is now falling and could never be restored. The clock tries to â€Å"cough a final chime† but it so badly neglected that it couldn’t â€Å"henceforth [it is] dumb†. The seventh stanza is very similar to the first, except that it is being spoken from an individual point of view. A mirror is speaking about how it â€Å"mirrored their coming here† and is now watching them leave; it is only concerned about â€Å"their outer semblance† since it only deals with superficial aspects of people. The repetition of this stanza serves as closure to the relationship of this couple and their departure, leaving the house for destruction and decay. The final two stanzas are spoken by the gods as a whole, describing the death of the gods as life leaves the house for good. The eighth stanza describes the image of the house: ‘without a purpose,’ ‘chairs not to be sat on,’ ‘the books are stacked’. The author uses a metaphor in the last line ‘a house grown cold’ to emphasize the death of the house, similar to the way a human corpse becomes after all life has disappeared from it and it slowly starts decaying. The final stanza shows the reader that these gods cannot live without the presence of occupants, â€Å"their life gave ours meaning. † Yet there is no possible way for the return of these gods as â€Å"broken homes will not set again†, the concluding presence of the gods is set in the last line â€Å"they will never know their household gods are slain† in order to show the oblivious manner of the couple who will never know of the suffering that those around them went through, and they will never learn of their death. In this poem, Philip Hobsbaum integrates emotions with household objects in order to allow the reader to relate to a broken household. The author shows the strong consequences that are caused by a broken home, and the need for a strong relationship to maintain it. Hobsbaum seeks to show the readers that a broken home causes such powerful destruction, such as the death of gods, in order to motivate couples to maintain strong relationships, for their farewells are able to create irreversible damage. How to cite Houshold Gods, Papers Houshold Gods Free Essays â€Å"Their life gave our lives meaning, but broken homes will not set again. Their parting was our dissolution, they will never know their household gods are slain. † An intense end to Philip Hobsbaum’s poem ‘Household gods’ which presents the life of a broken home after the people that lived there have parted and left. We will write a custom essay sample on Houshold Gods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through the use of personification, rhyme, punctuation and diction, these small speeches convey the idea of a once happy and lively household now lost and the mournful end it faces. Philip Hobsbaum’s design of structure, punctuation and rhyme establish the furniture’s’ personified being. The poem is divided into nine stanzas, each consist of four lines enclosed by quotation marks to show a different speaker in each stanza. In the first, eighth, and ninth stanza the second and fourth lines rhyme, and these stanzas are spoken by the gods as a group. In stanzas two to seven, they speak as individuals, the first and third lines rhyme as well as the second and fourth. This personification of the gods allow them to identify with the reader at a more personal level and be able to connect with him, The first stanza is spoken by the entire household, describing its role in observing the breaking of the lives of this couple â€Å"I saw them. I was there. † The author introduces the poem with a gloomy heavy tone, relying on words such as â€Å"breaking,† â€Å"distraught,† and â€Å"despair. † The couples’ breakup is â€Å"mirrored† by the household and foreshadows their future departure. The second and third stanzas are from an individual point of view, they represent some of the couple’s possessions recollecting their joyful past. At first, what seems to be a musical instrument belonging to the woman grieves its disuse, stating that it has â€Å"so long been silent† and it laments over the days when her â€Å"long fingers once caressed [it]. † It also introduces a passionate part of the couple’s relationship previously as it asks: â€Å"was that how at one time she touched him? † The third stanza introduces male’s possession as it recalls a happy past when â€Å"his lips on mine†¦warmed my clay. † This god is most likely a mug that the occupant used, and now he describes the â€Å"kiss† that he used to receive as â€Å"broken and swept away. These missing parts of the house are what take its life away; music brings joy to a home, and coffee in the morning is an indicator of life. The couple’s relationship can be related to the cup, as it was once warm full of embraces and kisses ‘in the morning or in darkness’, and now it is broken and being â€Å"swept away† as it ends. A rug mentions its experience next; it describes the past state of the couple as it used to serve ‘their steady feet,’ but now their steps are ‘tentative’ as they become more reluctant to come across each other. In the past there was a sense of life to the house, but now the carpet feels sorrowful as it becomes a â€Å"street for strangers† as it is no longer able to recognize the transformed couple. It expresses its dismay in the last line which does not flow with the previous stanza to show its feeling of worthlessness and abandonment; it used to serve this couple but now it is merely â€Å"jute and wool† at the front of the house. The god in the fourth stanza, a room or the house also reflects on its abandoned state. It describes the time when they cared for it and made it â€Å"in terms of their vision†, however, the state that the room is in at this point shows neglect and deterioration as the â€Å"walls are pealing. † The house relates to the rug, as it also begins to feel useless after his â€Å"occupants have fled. † The sixth and seventh stanzas describe the final scene that this house lives. The sixth stanza is spoken by a clock, which ironically speaks of time which does not repeat itself, unlike her hands. It also speaks about â€Å"the climactial moment† which has passed and will never reoccur again, no matter â€Å"whoever will come. This may refer to the house, which has reached an optimum point, and is now falling and could never be restored. The clock tries to â€Å"cough a final chime† but it so badly neglected that it couldn’t â€Å"henceforth [it is] dumb†. The seventh stanza is very similar to the first, except that it is being spoken from an individual point of view. A mirror is speaking about how it â€Å"mirrored their coming here† and is now watching them leave; it is only concerned about â€Å"their outer semblance† since it only deals with superficial aspects of people. The repetition of this stanza serves as closure to the relationship of this couple and their departure, leaving the house for destruction and decay. The final two stanzas are spoken by the gods as a whole, describing the death of the gods as life leaves the house for good. The eighth stanza describes the image of the house: ‘without a purpose,’ ‘chairs not to be sat on,’ ‘the books are stacked’. The author uses a metaphor in the last line ‘a house grown cold’ to emphasize the death of the house, similar to the way a human corpse becomes after all life has disappeared from it and it slowly starts decaying. The final stanza shows the reader that these gods cannot live without the presence of occupants, â€Å"their life gave ours meaning. † Yet there is no possible way for the return of these gods as â€Å"broken homes will not set again†, the concluding presence of the gods is set in the last line â€Å"they will never know their household gods are slain† in order to show the oblivious manner of the couple who will never know of the suffering that those around them went through, and they will never learn of their death. In this poem, Philip Hobsbaum integrates emotions with household objects in order to allow the reader to relate to a broken household. The author shows the strong consequences that are caused by a broken home, and the need for a strong relationship to maintain it. Hobsbaum seeks to show the readers that a broken home causes such powerful destruction, such as the death of gods, in order to motivate couples to maintain strong relationships, for their farewells are able to create irreversible damage. How to cite Houshold Gods, Papers

Long Distance Realtionship Are Hard Essay Research free essay sample

Long Distance Realtionship Are Hard Essay, Research Paper Long Distance Relationships Can Be Painful: But They Don # 8217 ; Ts Have to Be I have fallen into a job that many people have had to cover with during some portion of their life, some more than others have. Long-distance relationships are difficult on the bosom, hard on the psyche, and hard on the ego. Many work forces and adult females run into in topographic points that neither of the two will of all time see once more, such as sails, holidaies, and sing far-away relations for long periods of clip. These opportunity meetings sometimes spark fires in the Black Marias of the romantic, which will finally be ended by the inevitable farewell of ways. Many times the speedy crack will be ended unhappily yet expeditiously and both people will seek out love where love is closer to place. Sometimes the passion, the love, and even the lecherousness are so great that go oning some signifier of a relationship is the lone logical measure that the twosome can believe of. The concluding clip together, before the unwanted separation, is normally a sad clip of concluding clinchs and busss. This clip normally fills the twosomes bosom with hurting, because they know this could perchance be the last clip they can look into each other # 8217 ; s eyes, the last clip they can savor each other # 8217 ; s lips, and the last clip they can keep each other near. Continuing the relationship has it # 8217 ; s ain griefs. Waiting for the first mark of correspondence is a long and frustrating delay. The first telephone call is an exacerbating delay, inquiring if the other individual truly wants to name, if the other individual has another lover, or if the other individual has the right phone figure. After the first contact is made, there is normally a period of clip that will find if the twosome wants to go on the whole relationship. When it is apparent that the two will still seek to do their affair work, other jobs may originate. Often there are jobs with parents and/or friends who do non excuse the relationship. In some instances the trip is excessively far to be made more than one time or twice a twelvemonth, and in other instances long-distance twosomes are lacerate apart by the humdrum of letters, phone calls, or electronic mails. Long-distance relationships are difficult, but they can work. The lone type of long-distance relationship that will work, is the relationship in which both spouses accept the distance and attempt to do the relationship physique on that. If a twosome tries to maintain the relationship but allows for other dating, so person is traveling to acquire hurt. Dating other people is all right, if both parties realize that they are merely fri terminals ; otherwise the twosome should ever be faithful to each other. Love is difficult under any fortunes, but when two people are many stat mis apart, love is truly difficult. Communicating is highly of import in any long-distance relationship. Each individual in a long-distance relationship must ever maintain the other informed of his or her well being. Telephone calls, letters, and electronic mail are all tools that will maintain someone’s spouse from acquiring uncertainties about the relationship. When uncertainty creeps into the bosom of person in a long-distance relationship, things start to travel amiss. A sweet missive that comes in the mail, or an unexpected telephone call, will show merely how much he or she means to that individual. The handiness of being able to see person is besides an of import factor in maintaining a long-distance relationship. Once once more, personal forfeit is involved and is ever appreciated. A long trip, for merely one intent, is surely something to maintain any flicker in a relationship. In any relationship, personal contact with a spouse is necessary for the relationship to last. Of class there are other factors that can forestall a long-distance relationship from going a good relationship. Sometimes there are household members, or even close friends that try to deter a twosome from maintaining the relationship traveling. The best manner to acquire to acquire around the jobs in a long-distance relationship is to be able to compromise with the other individual. Keeping a long-distance lover takes a batch of subject and a batch of duty every bit far as being able to let for some things non to ever work out as planned. There will be times that the individual seeking to be reached may non be at place, or unanticipated fortunes could take to a twosome non being able to see each other. These things happen and there is nil that anybody can make about it. If there is adequate love between the two, so junior-grade things like those will non consequence the relationship in any manner. In fact, if there is adequate love between the two, there is nil that can halt a long -distance relationship from blooming into something meaningful. A long-distance relationship can work. There are people who think that no such thing is possible, but through communicating, visiting, and enormous sums of love, any twosome from any distance can hold a relationship that succeeds. The best thing to retrieve in maintaining a long-distance relationship is to ever be happy, that there is person out at that place in the universe, that loves you every bit much as you love them. 34e

The Crime Review Essay Example

The Crime Review Paper Essay on The Crime My acquaintance with a recognized literary freak Britain Irvine Welsh novel limited Shit (did not like), and the film Danny Boyles Trainspotting (very much). Basically, read the latest novel Crime, I am not moved to the field of pleasure. Unfortunately, the book itself is also not moved, personally, in the field of literature for me. Most I felt at ease in the cinematic territory. Moreover, B-movies and even soap operas. Police Inspector of Edinburgh, a senior fellow at the department for very serious crimes, investigating the case of pedophiles, after a nervous breakdown was sent to a forced vacation. Florida, the Sunshine State, the sea, a young bride and plans for the coming wedding. In one of the first evening it all flies to hell Ray Lennox (the name of our cop) is broken, tormented by the ghosts of the recent past, he tries to find oblivion in cocaine addiction from which he had a long and tedious treated, and at the same time to get drunk and fuck with some, legkopodtseplyaemoy the bar maid. It can be seen in the fate of this Ray, but also on the rest to him from pedophiles do not relax. Knotted adventurous fierce opposition, the center of which the struggle for the baby Tian We will write a custom essay sample on The Crime Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Crime Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Crime Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Over the vaunted counter-cultural writer, the novel stands seems that the protagonist cop who sits on cocaine.; in fact, shocking pedophile subjects (on what appears to be several years now, as a whole mad Britain); Well, baby talk about the absurdity and criminality of the limited military contingent of British troops in Iraq (by the way, about that, just the same, and discusses the child). In general, this novel would be better represented on the screen, than on the pages of the book. A trip to a bright and juicy Florida (alligators you will be), fights in bars, vicious Mexican, chase, heinous villains, pedophile-Masonic conspiracy and straightforward motivation heroes. Oh, and, of course, the skeletons in dusty closets of the past. In general, that still Santa Barbara with a bias in the policy. characters in the novel is not that flat, but to actually come to life, they do not have enough time, some small. If Welsh specifically makes them such serials. It may, however, in this profound idea of ​​the author? And then he knowingly takes the character of the protagonists brother as time is of the actor who starred in various soap operas? The bride of the protagonist the dream of any misogynist stupid sheep that I feel like reproach in looping for shopping, but not for the deep feelings of her fiance. But, at the same time, in the final, as the Welsh would correct his attitude towards it when Lennox, as if throwing a gloomy waste past life, realizes what Trudi done, and she always helped him. I confess, Welch writes convincingly even want to believe it. Yet the feeling that this whitewashing intends done does not leave. Separate conversation deserves a girl Tianna, which at first is drawn marvelous manipulator generated crippled psyche, but the more, the more it turns into a doll, necessary for a smooth flow of the story In the book, a pile of stamps and clichà ©. In turns plot, in a meta-motivations of the protagonist, even in the language ( unspeakable anguish, who settled permanently under the eyelids). But all together it looks quite digestible and very fast read. In this work, Welch seemed to me a skillful workman, who in terms of genre canons, sculpts amusing, exciting police story, knowing exactly how and what needs to be done to engage, inspire and entertain the reader. In general, in a movie with good actors shots and it would look very much to cheer. However, once one Read the novel by Irvine Welsh:.

Free Essays on Coastlines

â€Å"Coastlines constantly change due to the processes of erosion and deposition† Australia’s coastline measures over 36000 kilometres. About 85 per cent of the population live in coastal towns or cities. More than 25 per cent live within 3 kilometres of the coast. The coast is important as a natural and human resource. Many people use coasts for recreation as well as industries, fishing locations and ports, but not many people realise that coasts are constantly changing. These changes are due to the processes of erosion and depositon. Erosion is the wearing away of the earths surface by agents such as wind and water. Waves are constantly striking against a coastline and when the weather is windy, the waves are larger and more powerful. As the wave hits the coastline, the energy in them is used to erode rocks and move sand, pebbles and other material. Bays and headlands are formed by erosion; they result from rocks eroding in different ways. Soft rocks are worn away more readily and form bays. The harder rocks take longer to erode and form headlands. An example of a coastal feature caused by erosion is a cave. A cave will be formed where weak rocks are eroded on each side of a headland. Over time the caves will erode enough to join, forming an arch. Further erosion of the rock supporting the arch will cause it to collapse, leaving a stack. Sometimes where we have only one cave, forming in the face of a cliff. The water can sometimes find a weakness in the cliff face and find a way to the surface, forming a blowhol e. Deposition also plays a major part in the constant change of our coastlines. Waves carry sand and other material on and off the shore. When a wave breaks, the water from it runs up the beach. This is called swash. The movement of water back down the beach to the sea is called the backwash. When storms occur and waves are large, more material is carried in the backwash to deep water. These are called destructive wave... Free Essays on Coastlines Free Essays on Coastlines â€Å"Coastlines constantly change due to the processes of erosion and deposition† Australia’s coastline measures over 36000 kilometres. About 85 per cent of the population live in coastal towns or cities. More than 25 per cent live within 3 kilometres of the coast. The coast is important as a natural and human resource. Many people use coasts for recreation as well as industries, fishing locations and ports, but not many people realise that coasts are constantly changing. These changes are due to the processes of erosion and depositon. Erosion is the wearing away of the earths surface by agents such as wind and water. Waves are constantly striking against a coastline and when the weather is windy, the waves are larger and more powerful. As the wave hits the coastline, the energy in them is used to erode rocks and move sand, pebbles and other material. Bays and headlands are formed by erosion; they result from rocks eroding in different ways. Soft rocks are worn away more readily and form bays. The harder rocks take longer to erode and form headlands. An example of a coastal feature caused by erosion is a cave. A cave will be formed where weak rocks are eroded on each side of a headland. Over time the caves will erode enough to join, forming an arch. Further erosion of the rock supporting the arch will cause it to collapse, leaving a stack. Sometimes where we have only one cave, forming in the face of a cliff. The water can sometimes find a weakness in the cliff face and find a way to the surface, forming a blowhol e. Deposition also plays a major part in the constant change of our coastlines. Waves carry sand and other material on and off the shore. When a wave breaks, the water from it runs up the beach. This is called swash. The movement of water back down the beach to the sea is called the backwash. When storms occur and waves are large, more material is carried in the backwash to deep water. These are called destructive wave...

Anthem case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthem - Case Study Example lth identification numbers, dates of birth, Social Security numbers, addresses, telephone numbers, email addresses, employment information and income data had been illegally accessed by an unauthorised party (Humer, 2015). This is a major crisis for the company as 78.8 million people including minors had their information compromised (Abelson & Goldstein, 2015). This therefore, exposed just how vulnerable the company is to cyber attacks, thus necessitating the strengthening of its IT system security. Being the among the largest health insurance companies in the United States, this situation received immense media attention. The media attention was also great as this is considered to be the worst cyber attack to have hit a health insurance company in the US. Different media companies such as the Forbes, Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, Reuters and NBC, among others highlighted this issue. The stakeholders of Anthem include its employees, current customers, past enrolees, suppliers, Independent Blue Cross, Blue Shield, shareholders, the public, the government and media. The fact that this company has many stakeholders implies that this data breach affected many parties. Strong growth in revenues: Over the years, Anthem has experienced an increase in its revenues. For instance, since 2000, it is estimated that the revenues of Anthem have grown at a compound rate of about 24.1%. In 2003, Anthem experienced an increase of $3,486.6 million in its revenue; and this was an increase of 26.8% as compared to 2002. Strong focus on technology: Anthem is highly focused on IT leading to a reduction in its processing time and saving on costs. Anthem reduced its cost of claim processing per claim from $2.50 to 14 cents. Additionally, Anthem collaborated with Accenture to develop a digital pen technology that would aid digital capturing and sending of medical claim information (Anthem Health Insurance, 2015). Strong brand association: Anthem is closely associated with

Social Prejudices against Divorced Women in Modern China Research Paper

Social Prejudices against Divorced Women in Modern China - Research Paper Example She initiates the divorce and is okay living her life as a single mother. However, in the eyes of society, this is not the case. To them, a divorced woman is an unhappy, miserable woman. According to that society, it is assumed that a woman must be left or dumped by her husband for a divorce to take place. An illustration is when everyone in her workplace condemns Zhu Xiaofen’s husband for leaving her, without even knowing the full story or letting her explain her side of the story. Another example is when her friend from college insists that Zhu is aging and looking sickly just because her husband left her. When her colleagues see her jumping the rope outside their office, they all think that she is jumping to impress them and trick them to believe she is fine, so as to suppress her real feelings. In the story, another form of prejudice noted is that for a divorce to take place the woman must be the cause and she must do everything to avoid the shame of divorce. This is best illustrated when Zhu’s former principle sees her on the train and tells her that women must behave well in order to make a marriage work and avoid the shameful act of divorce. She claims that if Zhu had taken things seriously, her marriage would work. Another form of social prejudice observed is that divorced women cannot be self-sufficient. This is illustrated in the story when her friend who was a ticket-taker at the train station assumed that since she was divorced, no one would come and pick her and she even suggested asking her husband to give Zhu a lift in his cab. This is an assumption that when a woman gets divorced, she lacks the support of her husband and so she cannot do some of the tasks on her own. They tend to insist on helping even when it is not necessary.  Ã‚  

Effect of the Media on Consumers

Effect of the Media on Consumers Do consumers shape media spaces or do they shape consumers. Discuss this notion alongside the concept of mobile lives. Introduction Nowadays, media spaces play an increasingly important role in shaping consumers in the digital age with the rapid development of media and advanced science and technology. This paper includes an exploration of how media space shape consumers in a modern way of life which is called mobile live. Technological revolution has hit the media industry in the world. During the past decade, the form of media has changed a lot. It is no longer confined to the traditional media like television and newspapers just unilateral transmit message to the public. The rise of new media provides the multiple media forms and the fast growing of media space. It is an undeniable fact that the advent of the mobile phone is a turning point for the development of media space. Especially media space brings a huge impact on the attitude or behavior of consumers, when mobile technologies and digital create a new kind of mobile life. Media spaces and the concept of mobile live Media spaces define new methods of communication, with novel and unforeseen uses and potentialities. Communication through a media space is more than an approximation of face-to-face communication — it has a richness and complexity all its own. Media is the most significant element of the information transmission. Media spaces can be seen as information spaces which can unlimited expansion. Media spaces including material spaces that shaped by traditional media and material conditions like schools, libraries, homes and so on, and also including the virtual spaces that shaped by multiple digital media forms. Nevertheless, traditional media were not meeting consumers’s need any more. Now the media space mainly developed by the virtual cyberspaces. Media spaces are established on the interactive connection between public and information of the new media. Electronic settings in which groups of people can work together, even when they are not present in the same place and ti me. In a media space, people can create real-time visual and acoustic environments that span physically separate areas (Stults 1986). In some ways, media spaces make people have new understanding toward time and space, which can across the distance between time and space. In the new media age, media more like a carrier in the virtual spaces to transmit information to the public. In fact, the virtual cyberspaces shapes the everyday life of people and real life with the mobile lives more than the traditional media in material spaces. According to Urry and Sheller (2003) â€Å"All forms of communication have been reconfigured by new technologies and the new spatio-temporal patterns of social life through which they are made effective.† Discuss the concept of mobile lives with media spaces, the development of mobile technologies influenced spatial and temporal distance and the boundary of private space and public space to create a new mobile life. Mobile lives are built on the advent of mobile phone, laptops or other latest digital technologies. Then the advent of wireless networks also pushed the development of networks and mobile technologies forward greatly. The good thing is Wi-Fi make computers no longer need to rely on cable broadband network and the phones also no longer need to spend lots of cost to supply network. Consumers are able to use the Internet become more convenient on the mobile phone and laptops because of Wi-Fi. Technology is implied as bringing modernity to any place and to anyone, no m atter how remote, serving as an equalizer of opportunities in an emerging and peaceful global civil society (Caletrà ­o 2012). In the digital mobile lives, the places have no longer as a reason to limit the use or search of the information in media spaces to public, whether you are at home, at school or on the way. Also people can get everything they want from the Internet in the current era of big data. Mobile technologies more yield the greatest effects on investment with the Internet. How media spaces shape consumers Mobile technologies have an intimate relationship with media spaces in everyday life. People can consider every smart phone as a media space and every smart phone has a consumer to some extent. Nowadays, it is incredible that how fast the messages transmit to consumers with cyberspaces. 1.0 Advertising and consumer behaviors Advertising is an indispensable part of media space, which is a propaganda to constantly transmit the messages to the public. Generally, advertising will impact or even change the behavior and attitude of consumers for the products or brands. Many consumers can feel that advertising is ubiquitous to occupy their space any time and anywhere, whether while they using any social Apps at home, play mobile games on the ways or surfacing the websites in working places. Although maybe sometimes you just ignore the advertising when you saw them. Nevertheless, advertising is the most important element to shape consumers in media spaces. 1.1 The encoding and decoding theory of Stuart Hall Stuart Hall is a sociologist and pioneer in the field of cultural studies whose work explored the concept of Britishness. Some people address him â€Å"godfather of multiculturalism†respectfully. In his notion of a mass communication theory Encoding and Decoding, encoding is the process of creating a meaningful message according to a particular code, while decoding is the process of using a code to decipher a message and formulate meaning (Brian Robert 2014). Hall define that encoder is the sender that can be seen as producer and the decoder is the receiver that can be seen as consumer. Every consumer maybe will have the different thinking with the same message which send from the same producer. According to Hall (1980) â€Å"The process in terms of a structure produced and sustained through the articulation of linked but distinctive moments production, circulation, distribution/consumption, reproduction †. This theory is appropriate for advertising. The occur of an advertising is able to shape the behavior of consumers. HM can be a good example to explain it. Production is the first step to create the advertising for the public. HM company start using many super model over the world to advertise their new style products in the world market, such as world-famous Chinese model Liu Wen. Circulation is how people receive the message. HM put the advertising on subway, Internet, television, billboards and many other media places to communicate the consumers. Also HM company will release some information about the new style products on the social media. The HM ads spread across the world market via those advertisements. And for distribution and consumption, individuals will have different understanding for the same information or advertisement. Hall suggested three hypothetical interpretative codes or positions for the reader of a text (Chandler 2014). Dominant readings are produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading. Negotiated readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their social position. Oppositional readings are produced by those whose social position puts them into direct conflict with the preferred reading (Northumbria university n.d.). Linked to the example of HM, dominant is that some consumers will have interested in those HM new products and have a strong desire to buy them. Negotiated is that some consumers will maybe think those new products are looking good, but they should consider the price and if they have free time to shopping. And oppositional is that maybe some consumers will hate the design of those new produc t and they do not want to buy them. The last step is reproduction which is about the consumer’s action after they receive the message. Reproduction for HM is their advertising related to the sale of new products that decide consumers will take action to go to store browse and purchase or not. Consequently, this theory is described how advertising impact consumers behavior step by step. 1.2 Consumer capitalism Moreover, consumer capitalism is also an essential factor why advertising can affect the consumer behavior. Most commonly, consumer capitalism refers to the idea that consumption drives the capitalist economy through corporate manipulation of the consumer to purchase (and continue purchasing) material goods. The entire consumer capitalist framework is predicated on the idea that the value of a product is determined by the desire of the individual, regardless of the actual need of the product (Schrader n.d.). Propaganda means of Apple Inc is a very successful case as consumer capitalism. Apple enhanced their awareness through bombard users with advertising and word of mouth. It is made consumers believe the products of Apple are representing the top-class electronic products and top digital technologies. Apple succeed to lead a spending spree over the world to buy their IPhone, IPod and Macbook because of the consumer capitalism. Apple let most consumers believe that if you are use Ap ple’s products, you are the most fashionable people. It is certain that always media lead fashion instead of consumers lead fashion. 1.3 Dual coding theory Dual coding refers to information retained as conjoined being and words. This creates a stronger impression upon the reader of such information (Northumbria university n.d.). Generally for most people a product has images and slogans simultaneously are more help consumers to remember. For instance, the biggest Chinese micro-blogging Weibo typically use the dual coding theory. Every time if you close the app in the background on the phone, you will see the image and slogan of Weibo when you reopen this app. The image of Weibo is a icon represent people’s eyes and the slogan of Weibo translate to English is â€Å"find something new anytime and anywhere†. Although there are thousands of Apps on the smart phone now. But not too much Apps trying to do this. Weibo use the creative image and slogan simultaneously can catch up some consumers attention to some extent. 2.0 Mobile Lifestyle In the digital age, today’s society have already emerged a mobile life in the world. Most people even cannot imagine a life without mobile and the Internet. In the Educause Center for Applied Research (ECAR) conducts annual surveys and interviews in 2008, a student respondent illustrated the broader trends borne out of the data: I dont look at it as getting on the Internet. The Internet is a part of life. Its a lifestyle. Mobile lifestyle influences the everyday life of consumers in many ways in media spaces. 2.1 Relationships Media spaces have great influences to the interpersonal relationship. Particularly the mobile media spaces totally change the development of relationships between people. The interpersonal relationship can better develop and communicate through multiple media forms for mobile lifestyle, such as social media, email, phone call, SMS, video call and so on. It makes you keep in touch with your friends have no more need of face-to-face communication. Facebook always let you find some people who you have long time no see or long lost, even you can find your primary school classmates. It is good that Facebook build a more close connection with you and your friends or just people we know. Also the new media create many new interpersonal relationship. Some people are trying to date online, some people maybe have many online friend but never meet. Now the human relationships become more diversification because of media space. 2.2 Globalized Communication ways The advanced mobile technologies make the media spaces coming to globalization, which is a goal traditional media cannot accomplish. The almost all functions that consumers’ needs have included in a smart phone. Because media space is no longer have the distance of time and space, and the media communication ways remove the restriction of the region. For consumers, they can communicate everywhere over the world. Undoubtedly, media space is a space without borders that similar to the theory of cosmopolitanism. Cosmopolitanism is a western notion that epitomizes the need social agents have to conceive of a political and cultural entity, larger than their own homeland, that would encompass all human beings on a global scale. The Internet has brought about the possibility of a transnational imagined virtual community: a decentered cosmopolitan crowd, synchronized by cyberspace, interacting on real-time, and engaging in global commercial, cultural and political exchanges (Ribeiro 2001). If media spaces combine with the theory of cosmopolitanism, It will be different with the reality space that every consumer is equal and there is no nationality, regional or social class limitations. For instance, consumers of smart phone can use multiple social media to connect with the people in almost any countries in the world if they want. The lat est figures from Facebook suggest that the number of people actively using social media each month has now passed the 2 billion mark over the world (Kemp 2014). Those social media support a huge number of globalized social media users to exchange and transmit the information in media spaces. Furthermore, languages no longer be the biggest barrier of communication if you go to an unfamiliar environment with different language. The use of translation software is a good global communication ways. There was a report said an elderly Chinese couple, which cannot understand and say English, immigrate to Canada. They nearly have not felt any communication barriers. Because they said if they have some troubles when they going out, they always use the translation software to communicate with local people. It is a great example that the communication of consumers getting more simple and easy under the digital media space influences. 2.3 Online Shopping and Travel Online shopping also is a main activity for consumers in media spaces. The total monthly amount of trade on the large shopping website like Amazon, Ebay and Taobao is an incredible number cannot imagined. Consumers can buy everything you want in those shopping website whether clothes or any electronic products, new or old. Online shopping satisfies whatever needs of consumers. Sometimes It is spend too much time and cost shopping in the shopping mall. Online shopping is cheaper and fast than go window shopping. Online shopping has become a habit for many consumers and maybe it will become the mainstream way for consumption. In additions, the mobile lifestyle of consumers cannot be without travel.For many consumers, travel is a way to enjoy life. Media spaces make traveling more and more easy because of mobile lifestyle. Today travelers can finish it just use the computers or smart phone at home. Some traveling websites not only have traveling party services, but also provide the reservation for air tickets, railway tickets and hotel accommodation. And almost every airline has their own official website and official App to allow people booking online. Also if you use the smart phone, you can find many apps are providing travel strategies for each country. Media spaces offer lots of convenience for consumers. 3.0 Thoughts of consumers 3.1 Celebrity effects Companies usually use the media to shape the thoughts of consumers to achieve their goals. Celebrity effects are famous marketing tools in media spaces, which companies use the social influence of celebrity to promote their popularity and brand awareness. Celebrities also have an effect on the charity events and public service advertising. ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is a successful example take advantage of celebrity effects in 2014. This example can describe through the mass communication model of Lasswell. Lasswell was a well-known American political scientist and communications theorist. Lasswell’s model, one of the first communication models, is summed up in five questions: Who, Says what, In which Channel, To Whom, With what effect. Who: the person who formulates the message What: the content of the message Channel: the medium by which the message is being communicated Whom: the person or persons who receive the message Effect: the outcome of the message. The initiator of ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is a former Boston College baseball player Pete Frates who is a disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient. The content is this activity is ALS Ice Bucket Challenge promote awareness of the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and encourage donations to research. The rules of the Ice Bucket Challenge are either donate $100 to an ALS charity, or dump a bucket of ice water on your head or both. After, you can challenge a few people to join in too (Lecher 2014). For in which channel, Pete Frates post the video first and it through the social media spreed very rapidly. Then many world-famous celebrities, athletes, and tech CEOs like Mark Zuckerberg, Kobe Bryant, Taylor Swift and even President Obama all taking part in this activity to post their video on Facebook, Youtube and Twitter or donate the money for the ALS association. ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is reported by various media forms and lots of countries. This activity became globalization and had a huge impact that the receivers are the people around the world. The outcome of this challenge is raising millions of dollars and let ma ny people pay attention to the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 3.2 hyperreality Baudrillard believed that a contemporary society, founded on media and technology, would see the spaces of imagery and reality merge. What follows is a world where the real is not layered with the imaginary. Rather that the world becomes a ‘simulation’ of imagery where the world favours the ‘more real, than real’ (Northumbia university n.d.). Media images, the Internet, online games, mobile games and virtual spaces are taking people usually spend time communicating with a hyper-real world. Many online games and mobile games use hyperreality enable people to be the characters they want to be. When consumers see the world through media spaces under the screen, they usually integrate the real world with the hyper-real world in their mind. Advertising sells the public through strong, desirable images, and many consumers buy into the brands point of view and products. The objective of hyperreality in the media is to shape the thoughts of consumers. Conclusion In conclusions, this paper explored that how media spaces shape consumers in mobile lives. Some theories show that advertising is constantly transmit the new information to consumers for shaping their behaviors and attitudes of consumption. Also the thoughts of consumers will influenced by the media. Definitely, media spaces changed the lifestyle of people. The exchange between people through mobilities become more and more fast and simple. And consumers have new lifestyles like online shopping and online dating. The rise of an intensively mobile society reshapes the self – its everyday activities, interpersonal relations with others, as well as connections with the wider world (ElliottUrry 2010). Media spaces always express as different forms all around us, make people feel like being a part of them, and mixed itself with social realities. In the future, media spaces will sustainable growth and keep playing the significant role to shape consumers in the society.

Computer Hacking and Cyber Crime Law Essay

COMPUTER HACKING AND CYBER CRIME LAW History of Hacking According to (Clifford R.D. 2006) a cracker or cracking is to â€Å"gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit another crime such as destroying information contained in that system†. These subgroups may also be defined by the legal status of their activities. Eric S. Raymond (author of The New Hacker’s Dictionary) advocates that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as one wider hacker culture, a view harshly rejected by Raymond himself. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they give more emphasis to a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. World Of Hacking Hacking is the practice of modifying the features of a system, in order to accomplish a goal outside of the creator’s original purpose. The person who is consistently engaging in hacking activities, and has accepted hacking as a lifestyle and philosophy of their choice, is called a hacker. Modifying the features of a system. Gaining an unauthorized access to a computer system. Breaks into a system security. Refers to the hobby/profession of working with computers. It also about learning how a system works and how to make it do things it wasn’t designed to do, or you haven’t got the privileges to do. Hacker A hacker is someone who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer system or computer network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, or challenge. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground and is now a known community. White Hats – good Gray hats – good or bad Black hats – bad Script kiddie A script kiddie (also known as a skid or skiddie) is a non-expert who breaks  into computer systems by using pre-packaged automated tools written by others, usually with little understanding of the underlying concept—hence the term script (i.e. a prearranged plan or set of activities) kiddie (i.e. kid, child—an individual lacking knowledge and experience, immature). Blue hat A blue hat hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms who is used to bug test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. Microsoft also uses the term Blue Hat to represent a series of security briefing events. Hacker Code Of Ethics Levy (1984) suggests that there is a â€Å"code of ethics† for hacking which, though not pasted on the walls, is in the air: Access to Computers – and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works – should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-On Imperative! All information should be free. Mistrust Authority – Promote Decentralization. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position. You can create art and beauty on a computer. Computers can change your life for the better. CYBER CRIME LAW Senator Angara is defined as any illegal and criminal act activity committed on the internet. State Policy Regarding Cyber Crimes The State Recognize.. 1. The vital role of information and communication industries such as content production, telecommunication, broadcasting, electronic commerce, and data processing, in the nation’s overall social and economic development. 2. The importance of providing an environment conducive to the development, acceleration, and rational application and exploitation of information and communication technology to attain free, easy and intelligible access to exchange and/or delivery of information. 3. The need to protect and safeguard the integrity of computer, computer and communication systems, network, and databases and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and data stored therein, from all forms of misuse, abuse, and  illegal access by making punishable under the law such conduct or conducts. Cyber Crimes Offenses 1. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems. A. Illegal Access – The intentional access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right. Element of Computer System There must be a device a group of interconnected or related devices. At least one of the devices performs automatic processing of data pursuant to a program. The device need NOT be connected in a network as long as it consists of both hardware and software and have input, output and storage facilities. Element of the offense of illegal Access 1.There must be an intentional access in whole or any part of a computer system. 2. The person who attempts, or is accessing, or had already access the data has no right to access to the system. â€Å"An Authorized person may not be authorized.† B. Illegal Interception Interception – refers to the listening to, recording, monitoring or surveillance of the content of communication. Elements of Illegal Interception 1. It must be intentional. 2. It must be by technical means. 3. The person involved is without any right to do the intercept. 4. The transmission of computer data to, from, or within a computer system is non-public. 5. It must not fall in any exemption. C. Data Interference Intentional or reckless alteration of computer data without right. C.System Interference Intentional or reckless hindering without the right of the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, deleting or altering computer data or program. MisUse of Devices The use, production, sale, procurement, importation, distribution, or otherwise making available, without right, of: – device, including a  computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of committing any of then offenses under this act; Or -a computer password, access code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of a computer system is capable of being accessed with intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this Act; CYBERSEX AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY CYBERSEX -Any person who establishes, maintains or controls, directly or indirectly any operation for sexual activity or arousal with the aid of or through the use of a computer system, for a favor or consideration. Child Pornography -refers to pornography depicting sexually explicit activities involving a child. It may use a variety of media, including writings, magazines, photos, sculpture, drawing, cartoon, painting, animation, sound recording, film video, and video games. Child pornography is divided into simulated child pornography and pornography which was produced with direct involvement of the child (also known as Child Abuse Images.) For a person to be guilty of cybersex as defined by the cybercrime law, all the following elements must be present: There must be an operation for sexual activity or arousal; The sexual activity or arousal is done with the aid of or through the use of a computer system; The activity is done for a favor or consideration. The operation is/ was established, maintained or controlled by a person directly or indirectly. From the above, element no.3 should NOT have been included by our law makers. What is the Penalty for this Crime? Any person found guilty of the cybercrime of cybersex shall be punished with imprisonment of prison mayor or a fine at least Two Hundred Thousand Pesos ( Php 200,000.00) But not exceeding One Million Pesos (1,000,000.00) or both. Sec. 5 Other Offenses: The following acts shall also constitute an offense: 1. Aiding or abetting in the Commission of Cybercrime– Any person who willfully abets or aids in the commission of any of the offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable. 2. Attempt in the Commission of Cybercrime– A prosecution who willfully attempts to commit any offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable. Sec. 6 Liability under other Laws A prosecution under this Act shall be w/o prejudice to any liability for violation Of the Revised Penal Code, as amended or special laws COMPUTER-RELATED OFFENSES: Computer-related forgery Computer-related Fraud Unsolicited Commercial Communications 1.) Computer-related Forgery -(a) the intentional input, alteration, or deletion of any computer data w/o right resulting in inauthentic data w/ the intent that it be considered or acted upon for legal purposes as if it were authentic, regardless, whether or not the data is directly readable and intelligible; (b) the act of knowingly using computer data which is the product of computer-related forgery as defined herein, for the purpose of perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest design. 2.) A pe rson is guilty of forgery if: (a)With purpose to defraud or injure anyone; OR (b) With knowledge that he is facilitating a fraud or injury to be perpetrated by anyone; the actor: 1.) alters any writings of another without his authority; 2.) makes, completes, executes, authenticates, issues or transfers any writing so that it purports to be the act of another who did not authorize the act, or to have been executed at a time or place or in a numbered sequence other than was in fact the case, or to be a copy of an original when no such original existed; or 3.) utters any writing which he knows to be forged in a manner specified in the revised penal code. Elements of Computer related Forgery. First type of Offense â€Å"ACTIVE COMPUTER RELATED FORGERY† (a) There must be an intentional input, alteration, or deletion of any computer data without right; (b) The result is an inauthentic data; (c) The intent is to use the inauthentic data to be considered or acted upon as if it is authentic Second type of Offense â€Å"PASSIVE COMPUTER RELATED FORGERY a) There must be an existing inauthentic data brought about by the elements of ACTIVE computer-related forgery. b) Knowingly acting on the inauthentic data for the purpose of perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest design. 2.) Computer Related Fraud If A had a loan from his cooperative and the only evidence of such loan is the records stored in the cooperative’s computer system, A with intent to procure economic benefit, changed the source code of the system’s program so that on an particular date, the system will hang and immediately cause the malfunctioning of the said system. Thus, A can easily deny that he still has an obligation to the cooperative. 3.) Unsolicited Commercial Communications -The transmission of commercial electronic communication with the use of a computer system which seek to advertise, sell, or offer for sale products and services are prohibited unless a. There is a prior affirmative consent from the recipient; or b. The following conditions are present: i. The commercial electronic communication contains a simple, valid, and reliable way for the recipient to reject receipt of further commercial electronic messages (‘opt-out’) from the same source; ii. The commercial electronic communication does not purposely disguise the source of the electronic message; and iii. The commercial electronic communication does not purposely include misleading information in any part of the message in order to induce in the recipients to read the message. BLOG Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content WHAT IS BLOGGING ? – A new form of expression where in you express your thoughts and ideas about a specific topic . BLOGGERS : Tina Hamilton is a veteran journalist , a social media guru and a aspiring blogger who enjoys covering a wide range of topics. She currently works with a professional SEO consultant in her attempt to gain an education in the industry John Charles Edward â€Å"Carlos† Pamintuan Celdran also known as CARLOS CELDRAN† He is truly proud of being a Filipino as his blog Celdrantours tries to change how the world sees Manila. Through his blogs. INTRODUCTION With the emergence and popularity of blogging as a new form of expression, the coverage of defamation laws has extended to cyberspace. The consequences is that, people who are adversely affected by writings in this medium is bringing lawsuits to protect their name and reputation. While the Philippine Constitution protects bloggers’ right to free speech and expression, this does not give them unfettered license to write to the detriment of others. This Chapter discusses the person’s right to free speech and expression while respecting the person’s honor. This chapter aims to equip the reader relevant knowledge to supplement his skills in determining whether or not a certain form of expression is within the scope guaranteed by the Constitution. Bases of the Guaranteed of the Right of Freedom of Expression Two (2) Philosophical Bases for the Guarantee of this Right Discovery of truth For self-government In the case of US vs. Bustos (37 Phil. 731), in which the defendants were charged with libel of a public officials for statements made Mr. Justice Malcolm, writing the opinion of the Court, said: â€Å"Public policy, the welfare of society, and the orderly administration of government, have demanded protection for public opinion. The inevitable and incontestable result has been the development and adaptation of the doctrine of privilege.† `â€Å"A public official must NOT be too thin-skinned with reference to comment upon his official acts.† Scope of the Freedom of Expression Article III, Section 4 of the Phil. Constitution says: â€Å"No law shall be passed abridging the freedom speech, of expression, or the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances.† Article III, Section 18(1) of the Phil. Constitution says: â€Å"No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.† Question: But how can we determine the scope of this expression? According to Justice Isagani Cruz, an authority in Constitutional law, the ideas that may be expressed under this freedom are NOT confined only to those that are sympathetic or acceptable to the majority. To be really meaningful, it should permit the articulation of even the unorthodox view, though it be unfriendly to or mocked by others, or â€Å"induces a condition of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as they are, or even stirs people to anger.† Justice Holmes said that this right exists NOT so much for the thought that AGREES with us as for the thought that we detest. From this comes the famous statement from Voltaire: Voltaire â€Å"I may NOT agree with what you say, but I will defend to the dead your right to say it†. Freedom from prior restraint or censorship Prior means official governmental restrictions on the press or other forms of expression in advance of actual publication or dissemination. Freedom from subsequent punishment The freedom from prior restraint would set at naught if the citizen would hesitate to speak for fear of vengeance that he might suffer against the officials he criticized. Limitations on the Guarantee Case: Tulfo wrote an article in his column in PDI ‘On Target’ on October 13, 1989, stating that the Supreme Court rendered an idiotic decision in legalizing checkpoints, and again on October 16, 1989, where he called the SC stupid and â€Å"sangkatutak na mga bobo justices of the Philippine Supreme Court†. There are 2 kinds of publications which can be punished for contempt: 1.Those whose object is to affect the decision in a pending case 2.Whose object is to bring courts to discredit Standards for allowable subsequent punishment TEST CRITERION 1.Dangerous Tendency Test There should be a RATIONAL CONNECTION between the speech and the evil apprehend 2.Clear and Present Danger Test There should be a clear and present danger that the words when used under such circumstances are of such a nature as to create a CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER that they will bring about the substantive evils that the State has a right to prevent 3.Balancing of Interest Test The courts should BALANCE the PUBLIC INTEREST served by legislation on one hand and the FREEDOM OF SPEECH (or any other constitutional right) on the other. The courts will then decide where the greater weight should be placed LIBEL A legal term for something written which is harmful to a persons reputation. – is a defamation committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonography, painting, theatrical exhibition, cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means. Libel is punished by our Revised Penal Code which states: Art. 353. Definition of Libel. – A libel is public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead. Art. 354. Requirement for Publicity. – Every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious, even if it be true, if no good intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown, except in the following cases: 1.A private communication made by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral or social duty; and 2.A fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks, of any judicial, legislative or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or any of statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their functions Art. 355. Libel means by writings or similar means. – A libel committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonography, painting, theatrical exhibitions, cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means, shall be punished by prison correctional in its minimum and medium periods or a fine ranging from 200 to 6,000, or both, in addition to the civil action which may be brought by the offended party. DefamationElements of Defamation For a person to be convicted of defamation, the following elements should be present. 1. There must be an imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance. 2. The imputation must be made publicly. 3. It must be malicious. 4. The imputation must be directed at a natural or juridical person, or one who is dead. 5. The imputation must tend to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of the person defamed. Absolute Privileged Communication To illustrate, let us recall the privileged speech delivered by Sen. Revilla in the Senate last 2009, in that instance, he called Dr. Hayden Kho â€Å"Maniac†. Buwang itong doctor na ito. Baliw, Mr. President,† he further said. Qualified or Conditionally Privileged Communications Under this privilege, the freedom of the liability for an otherwise defamatory utterance is conditioned on the absence of express malice or malice in fact. Thus, in re:Tulfo (supra), notwithstanding the freedom of the press guarantee of the Constitution, the respondent was severely censured because there is malice brought about by a disrespectful language. A good example which will illustrate the absence of malice in rendering fair and true report is the case of GMA Network vs Bustos (G.R. No. 146848 October 17,2006). Interpreting The Libelous Statement The alleged libelous article must be construed as a whole (Jimenez vs. Reyes, 27 Phil.52) The Meaning given by the writer nor by the offended person is Immaterial. If the libelous statement shall be interpreted by the writer, then the writer can easily escapes by giving an interpretation to the effect that malice is not present. On the other hand. If the offender person is the one who will interpret the libelous article, he can easily imputes malice against the writer to hold him liable. Meaning of Publication Publications does not mean that the defamatory statement should be published in the newspaper of general circulation, televised in national television, neither by refereed ISI Journal, etc. There is publication when the communication of the defamatory matter is made to some third person or persons( People vs Atencio, Dec 14,1954) Thus, If Juan sent a letter to Pedro which reads: â€Å"Pablo is a thief†, this is sufficient publication. ‘ Identification of the Party is Required in the 4thElement A blind item writer cannot be guilty of libel , as long as the person defamed cannot be identified. Thus, if the blind item states: â€Å"The wife of the pound for pound king†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although the name is not expressly mentioned, the person can be easily identified, so the writer may be liable. General Rule: Every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious, even if it be true, if no good intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown, Exception: Except in the following cases: {This is the exemption to the general rule; here malice is NOT presumed} A Private communication made by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral, or social duty; and A fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks, of any judicial, legislative or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or of any statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their functions. Going back to our previous example, if Juan sent a letter to Pedro which reads: â€Å"Pablo is a Thief† , it is presumed that that there is MALICE on the part of Juan. It means that the law presumes that Juan is prompted by personal ill-will in making the communication to Pedro. Now, suppose Pablo really is a thief, will the law still presumed malice on the part of Juan? Yes, unless Juan has good intention and justifiable motive in making communication. Thus, If Pedro is looking for a cashier in his department store Juan will be justified in making the communication so that Pedro won’t hire Pablo who applied for the cashier position. The same holds true if the message was sent through an e-mail and/or text messages. Relevance of Knowing the Presumption of Law If the case falls under the general rule, that is, malice is presumed, it is the writer or the accused who has the burden of proof. Hence, the complainant will NOT be obliged to prove that there is a malice on the part of the accused. The accused will have to produce evidence that his claim against the complainant is true. Do not be confused, the accused is the writer that is why he is being accused of libel because he is the one who wrote the libellous statement. The complainant is the offended party, that is, the person defamed that is why he is the one complaining. If the case falls under the exemption, it is the complainant who has the burden of proof like in the case of GMA Network vs Bustos, wherein Bustos, the complainant failed to prove that there is bad faith or malice on the part of GMA in showing the alleged malicious report. Libel in the Internet After reading the necessary materials pertaining to an individual’s right to freedom of expression and the libel law, we are now ready to study its application using the internet as its medium. Let us start our study with the following scenario. Libel in the internet or e-libel is within the Scope  of Libel Defined in the Revised Penal code The case of Bonifacio vs Jimenez (supra), unfortunately, was misinterpreted by some because they cite this case to support their opinion that e-libel is beyond the ambit of libel provided by the Revised Penal Code. According to them since the SC had dismissed the case, it is already settled that e-libel cannot be punished in our jurisdiction. I beg to disagree. If you will read the full text of the case of bonifacio vs Jimenez, it is very clear that Jimenez did not win the case because of the wrong choice of option. If Jimenez simply alleged in the information that they are (or at least one of the offended parties) presently residing in the City of Makati at the time of the commission of the offense, that is enough to vest jurisdiction to the RTC-Makati and enable the letter to hear and decide the case on the merits. The case was dismissed because RTC-Makati failed to acquire jurisdiction of the case NOT because there is no e-libel in our country. Another argument is that, â€Å"at the time the revised penal code was enacted, there is no internet yet, hence, the legislature could NOT have intended to include internet as a medium. To address this argument let us reproduce the pertinent provision of the libel law regard to this, thus: Art.335.Libel means by writings or similar means. *A libel committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonagraphy, painting, theatrical exhibit, cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means (big emphasis supplied).